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    Robert Jay Lifton
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    Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of Brainwashing in China Taschenbuch – Illustriert, 24. September 2014

    Englisch Ausgabe von Robert Jay Lifton (Autor)
    4,7 von 5 Sternen 201 Sternebewertungen
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    2014 Reprint of 1961 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Lifton's research for the book began in 1953 with a series of interviews with American servicemen who had been held captive during the Korean War. In addition to interviews with 25 Americans, Lifton also interviewed 15 Chinese who had fled their homeland after having been subjected to indoctrination in Chinese universities. From these interviews, which in some cases occurred regularly for over a year, Lifton identified the tactics used by Chinese communists to cause drastic shifts in one's opinions and personality and "brainwash" American soldiers into making demonstrably false assertions. This work has become a classic text in the field and continues to serve as a fundamental guide in the debriefing of former cult members. Lifton's famous eight criteria for thought control are: Milieu Control. This involves the control of information and communication both within the environment and, ultimately, within the individual, resulting in a significant degree of isolation from society at large. Mystical Manipulation. There is manipulation of experiences that appear spontaneous but in fact were planned and orchestrated by the group or its leaders in order to demonstrate divine authority or spiritual advancement or some special gift or talent that will then allow the leader to reinterpret events, scripture, and experiences as he or she wishes. Demand for Purity. The world is viewed as black and white and the members are constantly exhorted to conform to the ideology of the group and strive for perfection. The induction of guilt and/or shame is a powerful control device used here. Confession. Sins, as defined by the group, are to be confessed either to a personal monitor or publicly to the group. There is no confidentiality; members' "sins," "attitudes," and "faults" are discussed and exploited by the leaders. Sacred Science. The group's doctrine or ideology is considered to be the ultimate Truth, beyond all questioning or dispute. Truth is not to be found outside the group. The leader, as the spokesperson for God or for all humanity, is likewise above criticism. Loading the Language. The group interprets or uses words and phrases in new ways so that often the outside world does not understand. This jargon consists of thought-terminating clichés, which serve to alter members' thought processes to conform to the group's way of thinking. Doctrine over person. Member's personal experiences are subordinated to the sacred science and any contrary experiences must be denied or reinterpreted to fit the ideology of the group. Dispensing of existence. The group has the prerogative to decide who has the right to exist and who does not. This is usually not literal but means that those in the outside world are not saved, unenlightened, unconscious and they must be converted to the group's ideology. If they do not join the group or are critical of the group, then they must be rejected by the members. Thus, the outside world loses all credibility. In conjunction, should any member leave the group, he or she must be rejected also.
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    1. Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe
      520 Seiten
    2. Sprache
      Englisch
    3. Erscheinungstermin
      24. September 2014
    4. Abmessungen
      15.24 x 3.3 x 22.86 cm
    5. ISBN-10
      1614276757
    6. ISBN-13
      978-1614276753
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    Produktinformation

    • Herausgeber ‏ : ‎ Martino Fine Books
    • Erscheinungstermin ‏ : ‎ 24. September 2014
    • Auflage ‏ : ‎ Illustrated
    • Sprache ‏ : ‎ Englisch
    • Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe ‏ : ‎ 520 Seiten
    • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1614276757
    • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1614276753
    • Abmessungen ‏ : ‎ 15.24 x 3.3 x 22.86 cm
    • Amazon Bestseller-Rang: Nr. 226.865 in Bücher (Siehe Top 100 in Bücher)
    • Kundenrezensionen:
      4,7 von 5 Sternen 201 Sternebewertungen

    Informationen zum Autor

    Folge Autoren, um Neuigkeiten zu Veröffentlichungen und verbesserte Empfehlungen zu erhalten.
    Robert Jay Lifton

    Robert Jay Lifton

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    Kundenrezensionen

    4,7 von 5 Sternen
    201 weltweite Bewertungen

    Spitzenrezensionen aus Deutschland

    • Nicolas P. DiCiaccio
      5,0 von 5 Sternen Refutation of Prior Review - This Is An Excellent Book
      Bewertet in Deutschland am 29. Mai 2000
      Upon seeing the review below, from the reader in Rio de Janeiro, I had to write my own thoughts and share them. As a former cult member myself and current volunteer in anti-cult activism, I can personally attest that what Dr. Lifton wrote about concerning destructive groups and mind control absolutely exists. The famous chapter 22, where Dr. Lifton lays out the famous "eight criteria", to me isn't a chapter in a book but how my adolescense was in this particular group. It's true; it exists. The reader from Rio said that mind control was a failure; well, ultimately, yes it is, total control over a person's mind isn't 100%, and won't last forever. However, individuals and destructive groups (cults) know how to exploit mind control techniques to allow them control over a person's thoughts and actions long enough to get that person to do what they want, and often when people leave cults they suffer psychological damages for years afterward. This is also not about West superior over East; Dr. Lifton also chronicled how many Chinese were hurt by the mind control imposed by the Communists. All in all, this is a terrific book about mind control and its damaging effects; I highly recommend it.
      2 Personen fanden diese Informationen hilfreich
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    • A Carnegie
      5,0 von 5 Sternen One of the Most Important Reads of All Time
      Bewertet in den USA am14. Oktober 2025
      Formatieren: TaschenbuchVerifizierter Kauf
      An Important book for every single person on the planet. With so many cults in existence today, it is essential to understand their characteristics and how they function. This book also discusses brainwashing and how it is used. Cults can be any size, from large organizations (religious and non) to small groups and even nuclear families. I highly recommend it!
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    • S. Plowright
      5,0 von 5 Sternen When this book came out in 1961, there was ...
      Bewertet in Australien am 15. März 2018
      Verifizierter Kauf
      When this book came out in 1961, there was a fascination in the West about communist methods of mind control. People imagined the creation of puppet-like agents who would carry out secret missions while virtually unaware. The reality was a little more mundane. The term "brainwashing" was a translation of the Chinese "mind cleansing" which they used to describe their extreme indoctrination or "re-education" methods.

      It took another couple of decades for people to realise that the extreme indoctrination documented by Lifton was not invented by communists, but had been happening in their own societies for centuries, in religious and political cults. Lifton's book became the first handbook used by cult busters and de-programmers.

      Freedom of thought has been a cornerstone of Western Democracy since the Enlightenment, and is considered a basic human right. Totalist, or extreme indoctrination is a serious and prevalent abuse. Whether it happens in North Korea, Jehova's Witnesses, Scientology, or Islamic State, it not only destroys lives and families, but those who manage to escape suffer lifelong psychological scars. I have personally known survivors who have issues including self-doubt, paranoia, depression, and PTSD.

      Lifton's book provides a thorough, insightful, and compassionate view into the techniques and effects of extreme indoctrination. It shows a depth of understanding that remains relevant. Such understanding inoculates us to some extent. If we want to protect ourselves, friends, and family from religious or political totalist or cultish groups, read this book. Know your enemy.
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    • 在野の天災宗教社会言語学者
      5,0 von 5 Sternen 全体主義=共産主義=ナチズム的ファシズム=カルト宗教=全宗教の証明と定式化
      Bewertet in Japan am 8. September 2017
      Verifizierter Kauf
      リフトンは1954年から55年にかけいずれも中国で捕まり強制収容所で思想改造の経験を持つ25人の欧米人と15人の中国人の計40人を対象に面接調査を実施。当時中国での洗脳の実態を解明しその真髄を纏めたのが本書。思想改造を推進する上で役割大の８大要素の抽出は以下の通り。詰まりは法則である。
      １、外界との情報遮断。
      ２、指導者の神秘化。
      ３、思想的純粋要求。
      ４、自己純化のための自己批判とその組織内共有化。
      ５、理念の神聖絶対化、聖なる科学化。
      ６、教条的決まり文句の使用。
      ７、個人より理念の上位化。
      ８、全体主義的価値観不一致者の生存免除。
      ８項目は、社会内小組織から国家大組織までに適用出来よう。具体的にはサカキバラセイト個人からオウム真理教そして北朝鮮まで。しかしながら今日においても和訳されない訳は左右両翼にとって、つまりは上記８項目に該当したならマルクス主義も天皇主義もファシズムとして一括りされてしまう不都合な事実に満ちているからで、さらには一般的民族性すら自然発生的全体主義の烙印を押されかねないからであると推測される。訳者は血の気多い全てを敵に回す危険を覚悟せねばならない。しかしこの書はその様な危険性に充分見合う効用すなわち全てのマインド・コントロールからの人間の全面的解放の道筋を提示している。本来人は母親の、両親の、家族の、言語の、社会の、国家のマインド・コントロールを不可避的に受ける。今までの無意識的マインド・コントロールを意識化し、能動的主体的に自己意識を再構成すなわち正のマインド・コントロールを自分自身に施した時、人間は主体的に言語、社会、国家、家族、両親、母親そして思想を選ぶ自由を手にするだろう。明らかに、マインド・コントロール自体が悪い訳ではなく、それに依拠した普遍的低生産性が悪いのである。負のマインド・コントロールからどれだけ正のマインド・コントロールを能受動的に受けどれだけ自由度が高いかが個人の普遍的生産性の高さを決定する。
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    • Lm
      5,0 von 5 Sternen Great book
      Bewertet in Großbritannien am 1. August 2020
      Verifizierter Kauf
      Excellent book
      Lifton’s first hand experiences of victims of Chinese thought control is fascinating. His forensic analysis of the stages and impact on ‘the self’ are wonderfully described.
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    • Ziggy
      5,0 von 5 Sternen Five Stars
      Bewertet in Großbritannien am 21. Dezember 2014
      Formatieren: TaschenbuchVerifizierter Kauf
      amazing book
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