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Joshua M. Epstein
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Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up (Complex Adaptive Systems) Taschenbuch – 8. November 1996

Englisch Ausgabe von Joshua M. Epstein (Autor), Robert L. Axtell (Autor)
4,4 von 5 Sternen 25 Sternebewertungen
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A Brookings Institution Press and MIT Press publication

How do social structures and group behaviors arise from the interaction of individuals? In this groundbreaking study, Joshua M. Epstein and Robert L. Axtell approach this age-old question with cutting-edge computer simulation techniques. Such fundamental collective behaviors as group formation, cultural transmission, combat, and trade are seen to "emerge" from the interaction of individual agents following simple local rules.

In their computer model, Epstein and Axtell begin the development of a "bottom up" social science. Their program, named Sugarscape, simulates the behavior of artificial people (agents) located on a landscape of a generalized resource (sugar). Agents are born onto the Sugarscape with a vision, a metabolism, a speed, and other genetic attributes. Their movement is governed by a simple local rule: "look around as far as you can; find the spot with the most sugar; go there and eat the sugar." Every time an agent moves, it burns sugar at an amount equal to its metabolic rate. Agents die if and when they burn up all their sugar. A remarkable range of social phenomena emerge. For example, when seasons are introduced, migration and hibernation can be observed. Agents are accumulating sugar at all times, so there is always a distribution of wealth.

Next, Epstein and Axtell attempt to grow a "proto-history" of civilization. It starts with agents scattered about a twin-peaked landscape; over time, there is self-organization into spatially segregated and culturally distinct "tribes" centered on the peaks of the Sugarscape. Population growth forces each tribe to disperse into the sugar lowlands between the mountains. There, the two tribes interact, engaging in combat and competing for cultural dominance, to produce complex social histories with violent expansionist phases, peaceful periods, and so on. The proto-history combines a number of ingredients, each of which generates insights of its own. One of these ingredients is sexual reproduction. In some runs, the population becomes thin, birth rates fall, and the population can crash. Alternatively, the agents may over-populate their environment, driving it into ecological collapse.

When Epstein and Axtell introduce a second resource (spice) to the Sugarscape and allow the agents to trade, an economic market emerges. The introduction of pollution resulting from resource-mining permits the study of economic markets in the presence of environmental factors.

This study is part of the 2050 Project, a joint venture of the Santa Fe Institute, the World Resources Institute, and the Brookings Institution. The project is an international effort to identify conditions for a sustainable global system in the middle of the next century and to design policy actions to help achieve such a system.
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Vorherige Folie der Produktdetails
  1. Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe
    226 Seiten
  2. Sprache
    Englisch
  3. Herausgeber
    The MIT Press
  4. Erscheinungstermin
    8. November 1996
  5. Abmessungen
    15.24 x 1.32 x 22.86 cm
  6. ISBN-10
    0262550253
  7. ISBN-13
    978-0262550253
Nächste Folie der Produktdetails

Produktbeschreibungen

Amazon.de

Growing Artificial Societies is a groundbreaking book that posits a new mechanism for studying populations and their evolution. By combining the disciplines of cellular automata and "artificial life", Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell have developed a mechanism for simulating all sorts of emergent behavior within a grid of cells managed by a computer. In their simulations, simple rules governing individuals' "genetics"" and their competition for foodstuffs result in highly complex societal behaviors. Epstein and Axtell explore the role of seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, and transmission of disease or even "culture" within their artificial world, using these results to draw fascinating parallels with real- world societies. In their simulation, for instance, allowing the members to "trade" increases overall well-being but also increases economic inequality. In Growing Artificial Societies, the authors provide a workable framework for studying social processes in microcosm, a thoroughly fascinating accomplishment.

Pressestimmen

""Growing Artificial Societies" is a milestone in social science research. It vividly demonstrates the potential of agent-based computer simulation to break disciplinary boundaries. It does this by analyzing in a unified framework the dynamic interactions of such diverse activities as trade, combat, mating, culture, and disease. It is an impressive achievement."--Robert Axelrod, University of Michigan

"

& quot; Growing Artificial Societies is a milestone in social science research. It vividly demonstrates the potential of agent-based computer simulation to break disciplinary boundaries. It does this by analyzing in a unified framework the dynamic interactions of such diverse activities as trade, combat, mating, culture, and disease. It is an impressive achievement.& quot; -- Robert Axelrod, University of Michigan

" "Growing Artificial Societies" is a milestone in social science research. It vividly demonstrates the potential of agent-based computer simulation to break disciplinary boundaries. It does this by analyzing in a unified framework the dynamic interactions of such diverse activities as trade, combat, mating, culture, and disease. It is an impressive achievement." -- Robert Axelrod, University of Michigan

-- Robert Axelrod, University of Michigan

Produktinformation

  • Herausgeber ‏ : ‎ The MIT Press
  • Erscheinungstermin ‏ : ‎ 8. November 1996
  • Auflage ‏ : ‎ 1.
  • Sprache ‏ : ‎ Englisch
  • Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe ‏ : ‎ 226 Seiten
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0262550253
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0262550253
  • Abmessungen ‏ : ‎ 15.24 x 1.32 x 22.86 cm
  • Amazon Bestseller-Rang: Nr. 2.852.573 in Bücher (Siehe Top 100 in Bücher)
  • Kundenrezensionen:
    4,4 von 5 Sternen 25 Sternebewertungen

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Spitzenrezensionen aus Deutschland

  • rocco.paolillo
    4,0 von 5 Sternen Great Book
    Bewertet in Deutschland am 10. April 2017
    Verifizierter Kauf
    Old book but very explicative of social complexity and social computing. The way Epstein describes concepts is very simple and efficient, plus an evolution of the discipline is well described.
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  • Mr. D. Mcbrien
    2,0 von 5 Sternen An enormous disappointment
    Bewertet in Deutschland am 8. Juni 1998
    This book is an opportunity missed. The subject is interesting (and contrary to the views of another reviewer, I think there is valuable research being done here).
    The model seems to be well thought out, although its very limited scope (a 50 by 50 playing field) makes me almost sure the results can have little meaning. I was continuously troubled by the fact that they described their world as a torus (wrap-around like a doughnut) but none of the illustrations supported this. I didn't buy the version with the CD-ROM, but frankly, I'm glad I saved my money.
    Moreover, at almost every paragraph, I felt the authors had contrived the result they desired.
    For a much more stimulating read, try "Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams : Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds" by Mitchel Resnick,
    2 Personen fanden diese Informationen hilfreich
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  • Greg Wilson (gvwilson@interlog.com)
    2,0 von 5 Sternen cargo-cult science
    Bewertet in Deutschland am 23. August 1997
    The following is from the Sept 1997 issue of "Doctor Dobbs Journal", also available at the Electronic Review of Computer Books ([...]

    Cellular automata can indeed generate complex behavior; the problem is, how do you determine what, if anything, that behavior means? A pendulum is billions of simple entities (atoms) interacting through simple rules (electromagnetic forces and gravity); does that mean that the swinging motion of a pendulum tells us something profound about the economic cycle of capitalist economies? By changing the parameters in the authors' "Sugarscape" worldlet, you can get its little agents to migrate, to trade, and so on. But what the authors don't report is how many combinations of parameters they tried that didn't produce behavior that could be given an intriguing label...in short, all the things you would need to know to judge for yourself how significant their results really are.

    ..."Growing Artificial Societies" is an example of "cargo-cult science." Its authors enact the rituals of science without seeming to understand the reasons for those rituals
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  • Mikegolf
    5,0 von 5 Sternen Faire croître des sociétés sur ordinateur à partir des échanges entre les individus.
    Bewertet in Frankreich am 17. Juni 2016
    Verifizierter Kauf
    Pour les personnes intéressées par l'étude des systèmes complexes (systémique) appliquée à la sociologie, ce livre est indispensable. La description des résultats de la simulation de l'évolution d'agents sur un espace contenant une ressource alimentaire puis deux (Sugarspace) est un enseignement exceptionnel.
    Dans le modèle, de phase en phase, les propriétés des agents sont de plus en plus sophistiquées : déplacements, stockage de nourriture, reproduction sexuelle, transmission culturelle, appartenance à des groupes, commerce, héritage, crédit, réponse immunitaire et propagation des maladies.
    Les auteurs en tire des pistes pour la compréhension de nos sociétés réelles et également por une méthode sociologique nouvelle dans laquelle la question " Pouvez-vous expliquer ce phénomène ? " par " Pouvez-vous le générer ? ".
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  • Amazon Customer
    5,0 von 5 Sternen I want to grow my artificial society
    Bewertet in Großbritannien am 7. März 2021
    Verifizierter Kauf
    Great book, so inspiring despite having twenty-five years! Really enjoyed it. Also, good quality for a used book as well as good value for product.
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  • Hendrik Bright
    5,0 von 5 Sternen A seminal work on agent based modeling
    Bewertet in den USA am8. September 2013
    Verifizierter Kauf
    This is one of the most important books on social sciences ever published! The sugarscape is one of the first agent based models in economics. It models agents on an islan of sugar and shows sole emerging patterns: the inequality of wealth due to differences in the metabolism, differences in sight and the place where the agents start their life! Without markets, inequality seems to be unavoidable if nature is left to go its way.
    After this second chapter, of which the importance cannot be denied, the authors spend another chapter on the impact of reproduction, acculturation and combat. All these seem to enhance inequality in the first place, but later on replacement of the population by the most succsesful.
    The most difficult part is the chapter on trade, where sugar is being exchanged for spice. Unfortunately, the authors do not succeed in developing a strong model. I am sure, a good trade model in ABM will be able to replace the flawed law of supply and demand of the neoclassical economics. This law calculates an equilibrium which is believed to be u,qiue and efficient. Nothing is less true: an equilibrium can be attained, but only in special circumstances and after a long intermediate period in which feedback processes play an important role. Prices are determined locally: there is no single price, only a statistical average! The authors show different distributions of prices and volumes of trade. This chapter should be considered a clear falsification of neoclassical theory.
    Strangely, the next chapter deals with disease! They want to show agent based models can be used in seceral social sciences: economics, demographics, sociology and even medicine.
    In the concluding chapter, they repeat this objective. Unfortunately, when all the disciplines are dealth together, depth of the analysis sugfers from it. A lot of emerging patterns are shown, but the very nature of the feedback processes that are at their origin, are only superficially explained. One of the weak points of a lot of ABM models is the fact that the scientists are usually very happy when they can reproduce some emerging patterns. In my opinion explaining these is even more important.
    All in all, this is a book that is extremely important as a basis for new methods for modeling human behaviour. Let us forget the DSGE models of the neoclassical school and lets continue on the way Epstein and Axtell have shown us!
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  • BWolzenski
    5,0 von 5 Sternen Bringing the artificial society model to life
    Bewertet in den USA am1. Mai 2012
    Verifizierter Kauf
    This engaging, easy to read book bring the concept of artificial societies to life. Step by step, "Growing Artificial Societies" builds a demonstration that complex collective behavior and outcomes can evolve - or grow - in a model with very simple rules for its environment and the actions of its inhabitants, or "agents."
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  • Etienne
    5,0 von 5 Sternen good start
    Bewertet in Frankreich am 3. Mai 2012
    Verifizierter Kauf
    Un bon moyen pour entrer dans les Systèmes Multi-Agents (SMA ou ABM en anglais), ce livre fait une présentation détailler d'un monde virtuel. Et est intéressante dans la compréhension de la formalisation des règles...
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