Tomasello wiederholt seine Theorie, daß das Kind mit 9 Monaten anfange, den anderen Menschen intentionale Zustände zuzuschreiben und diese, an die Tomasello ebenfalls glaubt, zu interpretieren: intention reading (neben Perspektivierung der Hauptbegriff, beide sind metaphorisch). Meine Zweifel habe ich bereits in meiner Besprechung von Tomasellos früherem Werk "Die kulturelle Entwicklung des Denkens" geäußert. Tomasello schreibt:
"To oversimplify, animal signals are aimed at the behavior and motivational states of others, whereas human symbols are aimed at the attentional and mental states of others."
Das ist die Kernthese, aber sie ist durchaus behavioristisch zu rekonstruieren. Gerade die Steuerung der Aufmerksamkeit wäre ein Gegenstand für die verhaltenspsychologische Erklärung, aber das wird nicht versucht. Und das Mentale und Intentionale ist ein Konstrukt, das Tomasello einfach aus der Alltagspsychologie übernimmt.
Die Sprache habe zwei Merkmale gegenüber tierischer Kommunikation: sie ist symbolisch (s. o.), und sie ist grammatisch (= syntaktisch).
Tomasellos Verfahren kann man mit Skinner als "flight to laymanship" bezeichnen. Mit der Folk psychology wird gleich die Intentionalität übernommen, womit das Naturalisierungsproblem leicht gemacht bzw. eskamotiert wird.
"Most strikingly, nonhuman primates do not point or gesture to outside objects or events for others, they do not hold up objects to show them to others, and they do not even hold out objects to offer them to others."
Menschen nennen nicht einfach Gegenstände, sondern je nach Aufmerksamkeitsrichtung:
Granularity-specifity (thing, furniture, chair, desk chair)
Perspective (chase-flee, buy-sell, come-go, borrow-lend)
Function (father, lawyer, man, American; coast, shore, beach)
Alles richtig und überhaupt im Detail interessant.
Skinner wird nur einmal erwähnt; er sei durch Chomsky erledigt:
"Skinner (1957) proposed that young children learn pieces of language by means of instrumental conditioning (based on principles of association) and that they generalize to new instances by means of stimulus generalization." Dann noch einmal: "simple association and induction". Wie man sieht, kann Tomasello Skinners Buch nicht gelesen haben; er wird es wohl auch nie lesen, da er ja durch Chomsky schon zu wissen glaubt, was drinsteht. Das ist schade, denn Tomasello befindet sich, genau wie Pinker und viele andere, auf dem Weg zum Behaviorismus, weiß es aber nicht.
"When Homo sapiens began to understand that other people have intentional and mental states, they naturally wanted to manipulate these states for various cooperative and competitive purposes."
Aber wir manipulieren schon im Alltag nicht den Geist, sondern das Verhalten der anderen. Wir kommen einem Verhalten zuvor, das sich ankündigt usw. Wir konditionieren das Verhalten der Kinder, nicht ihre mentalen Zustände.
Positiv ist an Tomasello, daß er Kompliziertheit in historischen Dimensionen entstehen sieht, nicht evolutionär. Er vergleicht selbst Mathematik, Schachspiel und anderes. Evolutionär war nur der Schritt zu "intention reading" von Bedeutung. Vieles, was Tomasello zum Ausbau der Sprache anführt, ist längst von Behavioristen unter dem Begriff des Autoklitischen behandelt, den er aber nicht kennt.
"In the modern study of child language acquisition the best-known theoretical alternative to generative grammar is of course connectionism."
Das zeigt noch einmal, daß er den Skinnerschen Entwurf und die behavioristischen Studien nicht kennt und wohl auch nicht kennen will, zu seinem eigenen Schaden.
Tomasello nennt seinen Ansatz "usage-based" im Unterschied zu Chomsky, aber das ist nur eine Umschreibung für verhaltensorientiert. Grammatik ist nach T. nicht angeboren, sondern rezente kulturelle Entwicklung, historisch. Das ist ja richtig. Tomasello ist von "Grammatikalisierung" fasziniert.
Die sprachlichen Universalien werden genau wie bei Skinner auf gleiche Funktion (und identische Ausstattung der Menschen) zurückgeführt.
"Intentional agents are animate beeings who have goals and who make active choices among behavioral means for attaining goals, including active choices about what to pay attention to in pursuit of them."
Im Sinne von Grice:
"Thus, if you physically push me down into a chair I will recognize your intention that I sit down. But if you tell me 'Sit down' I will recognize your intention that I attend to your proposal that I sit down - and if I do sit down it will not be due to physical force but rather because I have changed my intentional states to comply with your proposal."
Es geht darum, daß Zeichen nicht so wirken wie mechanische Manipulationen (Stoß). Sie wirken aufgrund der Lerngeschichte, die dahintersteht und ein ganz und gar natürlicher Vorgang ist. Die Rede von "Absicht" entsteht, weil man sich der Aufforderung widersetzen kann. Auf diesem Weg ist auch Intentionalität zu naturalisieren. Es ist zu hoffen, daß Tomasello diese Möglichkeiten nicht für immer verkennt, daß er also seine Befangenheit in herkömmlichen mentalistischen Begriffen noch überwinden wird.
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Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition Taschenbuch – 31. März 2005
Englisch Ausgabe
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Michael Tomasello
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Michael Tomasello
(Autor)
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Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe408 Seiten
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SpracheEnglisch
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HerausgeberHarvard University Press
-
Erscheinungstermin31. März 2005
-
Abmessungen14.45 x 2.54 x 22.38 cm
-
ISBN-100674017641
-
ISBN-13978-0674017641
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Produktinformation
- Herausgeber : Harvard University Press; Revised ed. Edition (31. März 2005)
- Sprache : Englisch
- Taschenbuch : 408 Seiten
- ISBN-10 : 0674017641
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674017641
- Abmessungen : 14.45 x 2.54 x 22.38 cm
- Kundenrezensionen:
Produktbeschreibungen
Pressestimmen
Tomasello offers an extended and detailed exposition of his 'usage-based' theory of language acquisition, which he contrasts to nativist or 'universal grammar' theories such as those of Noam Chomsky and of Steven Pinker...Throughout this masterfully written but stylistically and intellectually dense book, Tomasello reports extensively on current research and looks critically at the assumptions and assertions of his contemporaries.-- (11/01/2003)
Constructing a Language is the best book on language development since Roger Brown's A First Language. Tomasello has taken full advantage of the research that has been done in the thirty years since Brown's landmark book, to give us a full account of language acquisition, from the first signs of intentional communication in prespeech through the most complex syntactic constructions children produce. The book rebuilds bridges between child language and linguistic theory -- but in place of generative grammar, Tomasello ties the study of emergent language to a usage-based approach derived from cognitive and functional linguistics. He is particularly persuasive in showing how it solves the essential problem of how children "get from here to there," as they move by analogy from item-based phrases and word islands to richer constructions. Tomasello's book presents a comprehensive and well-articulated theory of the language-learning process that is more complete and richer in its heuristic value than any other attempt of its kind. It will be difficult to refute and impossible to ignore.--Elizabeth Bates, University of California at San Diego
Certain to be a landmark in the language sciences, this book persuasively argues that all of our fundamental knowledge of language can be "learned" on the basis of what we hear, with recourse only to general basic cognitive abilities: intention reading and pattern-finding. No hard-wired "language instinct" is required. Tomasello's synthesis of linguistics and psychology will permanently change the debates about the developmental origins of language.--Adele Goldberg, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Constructing a Language is the best book on language development since Roger Brown's A First Language. Tomasello has taken full advantage of the research that has been done in the thirty years since Brown's landmark book, to give us a full account of language acquisition, from the first signs of intentional communication in prespeech through the most complex syntactic constructions children produce. The book rebuilds bridges between child language and linguistic theory -- but in place of generative grammar, Tomasello ties the study of emergent language to a usage-based approach derived from cognitive and functional linguistics. He is particularly persuasive in showing how it solves the essential problem of how children "get from here to there," as they move by analogy from item-based phrases and word islands to richer constructions. Tomasello's book presents a comprehensive and well-articulated theory of the language-learning process that is more complete and richer in its heuristic value than any other attempt of its kind. It will be difficult to refute and impossible to ignore.--Elizabeth Bates, University of California at San Diego
Certain to be a landmark in the language sciences, this book persuasively argues that all of our fundamental knowledge of language can be "learned" on the basis of what we hear, with recourse only to general basic cognitive abilities: intention reading and pattern-finding. No hard-wired "language instinct" is required. Tomasello's synthesis of linguistics and psychology will permanently change the debates about the developmental origins of language.--Adele Goldberg, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Über den Autor und weitere Mitwirkende
Michael Tomasello is Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Duke University. From 1998 to 2018 he was Co-Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, and in 2017 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His scientific work has been recognized by institutions around the world, including the Guggenheim Foundation, the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Netherlands, and the German National Academy of Sciences.
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Spitzenrezensionen aus anderen Ländern
Chris Moss
5,0 von 5 Sternen
How do we arrive at language?
Rezension aus dem Vereinigten Königreich vom 4. Februar 2019Verifizierter Kauf
This is the best and most relevant book on linguistics I’ve read, because it’s based on real data rather than theoretical rationalisation.
One of the crucial distinctions that has emerged since Chomsky is how we are different from chimpanzees. Tomasello is one of the few scientists who has closely studied both apes and children as they attempt to acquire language. This book charts in some detail children’s progress from eighteen months to four years in the acquisition of language and demonstrates the trial and error process by which they converge on their communities’ norms for language.
He starts from the perspective that language depends on the subject understanding the intentions of her listener and using this to construct a common framework of discourse. This only develops in children between the ages of 1 and 2 (or later) and crucially doesn’t happens in other primates. Early exchanges are limited to simple requests and responses and these are progressively extended. Parents do not generally spend much time in correcting their children but may reiterate the “proper” way of saying something to counter than their child’s attempts. In this way the child is guided into the mainstream. Autistics do not share this “theory of mind”.
But how then do “abstract syntactic constructions” emerge? In the same piecemeal fashion. The neat divisions between syntax and semantics that linguistics inherited from Saussure and were canonised by Chomsky don’t work, but we’ve known that for some time. Different languages do it in different ways and it will be interesting to see this approach followed up in an inflection-based language.
This approach arises from cognitive functional linguistics but he calls it “usage-based linguistics” with commendable modesty. Tomasello has received numerous awards though he doesn’t yet appear to have the popular recognition that he deserves. But he has my vote.
Linguistics still seems to be in thrall to Chomsky, and Pinker who is his modern apologist. But Tomasello points out that there isn’t one human language but 6,000 different ones, each with their own rules and peculiarities. Chomsky’s attempt to extend his analysis from English to a broad variety of languages ends up with something more complicated rather than simpler as his “universal grammar”.
One of the crucial distinctions that has emerged since Chomsky is how we are different from chimpanzees. Tomasello is one of the few scientists who has closely studied both apes and children as they attempt to acquire language. This book charts in some detail children’s progress from eighteen months to four years in the acquisition of language and demonstrates the trial and error process by which they converge on their communities’ norms for language.
He starts from the perspective that language depends on the subject understanding the intentions of her listener and using this to construct a common framework of discourse. This only develops in children between the ages of 1 and 2 (or later) and crucially doesn’t happens in other primates. Early exchanges are limited to simple requests and responses and these are progressively extended. Parents do not generally spend much time in correcting their children but may reiterate the “proper” way of saying something to counter than their child’s attempts. In this way the child is guided into the mainstream. Autistics do not share this “theory of mind”.
But how then do “abstract syntactic constructions” emerge? In the same piecemeal fashion. The neat divisions between syntax and semantics that linguistics inherited from Saussure and were canonised by Chomsky don’t work, but we’ve known that for some time. Different languages do it in different ways and it will be interesting to see this approach followed up in an inflection-based language.
This approach arises from cognitive functional linguistics but he calls it “usage-based linguistics” with commendable modesty. Tomasello has received numerous awards though he doesn’t yet appear to have the popular recognition that he deserves. But he has my vote.
Linguistics still seems to be in thrall to Chomsky, and Pinker who is his modern apologist. But Tomasello points out that there isn’t one human language but 6,000 different ones, each with their own rules and peculiarities. Chomsky’s attempt to extend his analysis from English to a broad variety of languages ends up with something more complicated rather than simpler as his “universal grammar”.
Valentina
4,0 von 5 Sternen
Molto curato
Rezension aus Italien vom 8. Januar 2019Verifizierter Kauf
Uno studio sulla nascita e sullo sviluppo del linguaggio umano. Sicuramente interessante per i linguisti.
Cliente Amazon
5,0 von 5 Sternen
Consigliato!
Rezension aus Italien vom 27. Oktober 2017Verifizierter Kauf
Arrivato nei tempi previsti e in ottime condizioni. Libro estremamente utile e interessante per chi voglia studiare l'acquisizione del linguaggio. La prospettiva presentata qui è di tipo cognitivista usage-based.
玉禅山房
5,0 von 5 Sternen
表紙が芸術的
Rezension aus Japan vom 18. Mai 2014Verifizierter Kauf
応用言語学の資料として購入。日本版はクレーだったが、これはカンディンスキーみたい。でも違う作家だ。
AMZN Ace
5,0 von 5 Sternen
Tomasello is a genius.
Rezension aus den Vereinigten Staaten vom 31. Mai 2019Verifizierter Kauf
Tomasello's first-language acquisition model is brilliant, soundly reasoned, well-supported, and makes infinitely more sense than the obsolete Chomsky-Pinker innate language organ model.
_Constructing a Language_ can be challenging for a non-specialist. The book is a long academic paper, dense with reports of research study after research study. Tomasello painstakingly reports all the results, and there are a lot of them, to build the case for his theory. This book is an academic tome most suitable for those in the communication fields.
Tomasello's _Origins of Human Communication (Jean Nicod Lectures)_ is a record of spoken lectures, is less pervaded with data, and covers similar ground from a slightly different angle in a more readable narrative form for a more general audience.
_Constructing a Language_ can be challenging for a non-specialist. The book is a long academic paper, dense with reports of research study after research study. Tomasello painstakingly reports all the results, and there are a lot of them, to build the case for his theory. This book is an academic tome most suitable for those in the communication fields.
Tomasello's _Origins of Human Communication (Jean Nicod Lectures)_ is a record of spoken lectures, is less pervaded with data, and covers similar ground from a slightly different angle in a more readable narrative form for a more general audience.
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