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The Great Sheykh and his detractors, 14. Februar 2000
The book of A.D. Knysh is an excellent reader for those who are interested not only in the personality of Ibn Arabi himself or his ideas, but also in the reception of these ideas by the medieval Muslim society (second half of XIII to XV centuries) in the framework of which Ibn Arabi lived. The author takes completely impartial, scholarly position without leaning for or against the Great Sheykh. The author limits himself to Arab speaking regions (Egypt and Syria, Maghreb and Yemen) This reception as it appears was far from unanimous and produced a heated polemics which started just two decades after Great Sheykh's death. The detractors of Ibn Arabi who were more numerous than supporters subjected Ibn Arabi's work to rigorous criticism and very often outright condemnation. One of the driving forces behind the criticism was the care of the Islamic scholars about the interest of the community and their apprehension that Ibn Arabi's monistic worldview blurring the distinction between God and the world, and the idea about the invisible hierarchy of saints etc. can make prejudice to the beliefs, morality and social order of the Islamic ummah. The struggle for the ideas of Ibn Arabi was not always disinterested struggle on dogmatic matters, it was often related with the vying for quite "earthly" things such as official positions, power and social prestige. Quite often the deabate was quite dangerous and fraught with serious consequences for those involved in it. A.Knysh shows that the detractors of Ibn Arabi were not completely able to comprehend the entire sophistication of Great Sheykh's style and ideas. Yet, to his opinion, they were able comprehend the key issues of his teaching especially those which can ideological or social relevance to broad masses of the believers. However the usual taxonomic schema used by medieval authors to classify the figures of the Islamic thought(specialist of hadith, jurist, theologian, mystic) has appeared inappropriate to fully comprehend the sophisticated teachings of the Great Sheykh which defied all the attempts of classification( extreme literalism and thorough going exotericism both present in the works of Ibn Arabi). Besides that under the main themes in Ibn Arabi's became settled there were little attempt to cast a fresh into the Sheykh's work. The detractors, as well as the supporters, are shown to be not limited to any particular school or sect, rather the line between being pro- or against Ibn Arabi runs across various schools. The author shows that being anti Ibn Arabi by far was not equivalent with being anti Sufi, and that the absolute majority of the detractors were in one or other form affiliated with Sufism or exposed to its ideas. A.Knysh equally questions the usual assumption about the struggle between " "Theologians" with "Sufis" showing that most of the participants of the debate were all the three, and that the debate was the encounter between the various standpoints in both theology and Sufism. A. Knysh also questions the usual assumption when Islam is presented as an "orthoprax" religion where dogmatic difference are not so important when the requirements of ritual decorum are satisfied. The heated debated on the doctrinal issues concerning the "unity of being" clearly show the opposite. While describing the reception of Ibn Arabi's ideas in the Western part of the Islamic world the author shows that differently from the Eastern lands of Islam, Ibn Arabi was not considered here such paramount figure or founder of the monistic school, but rather as a representative of the broader tradition or "plot" of monists, and Ibn Sab`in, another monistic Sufi from Maghreb was considered of equal importance to Ibn Arabi, if not greater. A.Knysh devotes separate chapters or parts of them to some of more known detractors of Ibn Arabi such as Syrian Shafi`i scholar Izz al-Din Abd al-Salam who as the first detractor and contemporary of Ibn Arabi had great importance to later makers of the polemic image, to well-know Hanbali Ibn Taimiyya, and to Hanafite al-Taftazani. In the chapter devoted to Maghreb he analyses three specific personalities, one of them being the famous Ibn Khaldoon. Chapters are also devoted to the reception of Ibn Arabi's ideas in Mamlook kingdom of Egypt and Syria, and in Yemen. Since the Islamic life of Yemen is relatively little known, and A.Knysh is one of the leading experts on Yemeni Islam, this chapter of his book is especially interesting and instructive.
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