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11 von 12 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich:
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Der Klassiker der neueren Metaphernforschung, 10. Mai 2000
Von Ein Kunde
George Lakoff und Mark Johnson präsentieren mit "Metaphors we live by" ein spannend und unterhaltsam geschriebenes Buch, das trotzdem wissenschaftlichen Anforderungen entspricht. Deshalb ist es sicher auch zu einem Klassiker geworden, an dem kein kognitionswissenschaftlicher Beitrag zur Metaphernforschung mehr vorbeikommt. Lakoff und Johnson räumen (Alltags-)Metaphern einen wichtigen Platz in unserem Denken ein. Sie seien nicht allein schmückendes Beiwerk der Sprache, sondern sie strukturierten in gewisser Weise mentale Konzepte. So beginnen Lakoff und Johnson mit einem Beispiel, das sie als die ARGUMENT IS WAR-Metapher bezeichnen. Sie behaupten, dass unser Konzept von "Streit" im wesentlichen durch die Übertragung unseres Konzepts von "Krieg" strukturiert würde. Evidenzen dafür sehen sie in einer Vielzahl sprachlicher Ausdrücke wie "I attacked his argument", "he was defending his point" u.ä. Diese Übertragung eines Konzepts auf ein anderes ist nach Lakoff und Johnson eine Strategie unseres Geistes, besonders abstrakte Dinge durch den Rückgriff auf etwas Erfahrungsnäheres beschreibbar zu machen, wie etwa, wenn man über "Theorie" in den Begriffen von "Gebäuden" spricht. (Gerade bei der oben genannten ARGUMENT IS WAR-Metapher scheint jedoch diese Erklärung etwas fragwürdig.) Weiterhin gehen Lakoff und Johnson davon aus, dass die meisten Metaphern in ein System von anderen Metaphern einzuordnen sind: So gibt es zum Beispiel sehr viele sprachliche Bilder, die etwas Gutes als in irgendeiner Weise "oben-Seiendes" beschreiben (I feel high), etwas Schlechtes dagegen als "unten" (entsprechend: I feel down). Lakoff und Johnson meinen, dass diese Metaphernsysteme einerseits auf grundlegenden physikalischen Erfahrungen basieren, andererseits aber auch in einer Kultur tradiert sein können. So sei es etwa vorstellbar, dass in einer Kultur, in der man "Streit" nicht in den Begriffen von "Krieg", sondern zum Beispiel als eine Form von "Tanz" strukturieren würde, auch eine andere Streitkultur herrschte. Hier liegt allerdings auch das größte Problem von Lakoffs und Johnsons Methode: Sie postulieren einen Einfluss des Denkens auf die Sprache und umgekehrt, ihr empirisches Material beschränkt sich jedoch auf sprachliche Ausdrücke. Damit rücken sie in die Nähe einer Tautologie: Sie behaupten, Menschen würden in einer bestimmten Art und Weise sprechen, weil sie so denken, wie sie denken, könne man ja an ihrer Sprache erkennen. Hier wäre ein stärkere Bezugnahme auch auf psychologisches oder psycholinguistisches, experimentell überprüfbares empirisches Material nützlich gewesen. Überhaupt verzichten Lakoff und Johnson völlig darauf, ihre Thesen zu problematisieren, Gegenbeispiele zu finden oder andere Autoren zu zitieren. So wirkt ihre Ausführungen auf den ersten Blick sehr überzeugend, sind wahrscheinlich deshalb auch sehr gut und schnell zu lesen. Trotzdem sollte man bei aller Begeisterung über dieses wunderbar geschriebene Buch nicht die kritische Infragestellung einiger Aspekte der Darstellung vergessen. (Dies ist eine Amazon.de an der Uni-Studentenrezension.)
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10 von 12 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich:
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Landmark! - A sense of recognition sets in, 4. Januar 2000
Many of the examples oversimplify. The authors provide no formal empirical basis for their claims. However, upon reading this book, a sense of recognition sets in. They have succeeded in illuminating as much as one can through discourse alone, the cognitive underpinnings of our language and the way we think. Very little if anything in the way of ideological bias clouds the mirror through which the reader can recognize the authors' thesis. Although not explicitly written for purposes of self-development or consciousness raising, the very act of consciously recognizing these metaphorical cognitive mechanisms may give the reader a greater sensitivity to and command of the language. It certainly has for me.The authors later went on to write ''Philosophy in the Flesh.'' If you are a stickler for more formal empirical verification, in that tome you will find good discussions about, and references to some empirical confirmation which followed on the thesis developed in this book. In ''Philosophy in the Flesh'', however, the authors inevitably allow more play with their ideological leanings (liberal) which may prove a distraction to some readers who would find ''Metaphors We Live By'' much freer from these ideological musings. Clearly the revelations we find in ''Metaphors We Live By'', transcend ideology, including the authors' ideologies. The implications of widespread cognitive metaphor throughout our language, culture, and even our sciences, presents us with the landmark tip of an iceberg, whose deeper implications spread far beyond and below the more obviously poetical uses that we typically recognize when we think of the metaphorical. This causes us to rethink everything in ways which I am sure even exceed the authors' scope of speculation, though they have done an excellent job in pointing the way. The ideas developed here, cry out for -- even demand -- further elaboration. This book itself only points to the tip of the iceberg and calls it what it is -- an iceberg. In this job, it proves remarkably easy to read, explanatory, to-the-point, and no longer than necessary. Anyone literate can read and understand it, though exploring and understanding all of its ramifications could easily become a whole science yet to be born. If you have either a professional or an intense lay interest in cognitive science, this book provides an excellent introduction to ''Philosophy in the Flesh'', though ''Philosophy . . .'' certainly does not provide a conclusion to ''Metaphors We Live By.'' If you find ''Philosophy'' a difficult read, you may try this instead. If you find this book intriguing, then more illuminating speculations lie ahead in ''Philosophy'', but don't expect a grand satisfying conclusion. The authors try for too much there, overshooting themselves and thus occasionally slipping into more ideological speculations where the empirical presentation leaves off. I highly recommend both books, but this one first and foremost. I would give it six stars if Amazon permitted.
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12 von 22 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich:
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Belaboring the obvious, 5. Juli 2000
The human cognitive system is predisposed towords catagorizing, both for computational and storage efficiency, it seems. New perceptual and experiential experiences are increasingly encoded not as unique instances, but as links to existing instances, and from that, categories are formed. This is all Cog Psych 100, and as far as it goes, true- perhaps trivially so, at least to today's crop of psychologists.But not to George Lakoff. Finding himself the aging bad boy of structural linguistics, he, like Noam Chomsky and other refugees from a dying field, has recast himself in the role of a social theorist. The problem is that the methodlogy that served him well in linguistics doesn't fly here. In the 1960s, linguistics was turned upside down by an influx of new converts who, in the wake of Chomsky, didn't seek to extend existing linguistic theory so much as to replace it with an entirely new field. They weren't interested in descriptions of geographical distribution of fricatives in the Amazon basin; instead, they had an entirely new model that was based around building a universal grammer of thought and mind. They built this field from nothing, quoting each others' works and ignoring historical studies. This was a period of revolutionary science, and a quite exciting one it was. But in the end, while they contributed a lot to understanding of grammers and structure, their real aim- that of producing a definitive deep grammer of thought- failed. The numbers of new graduate students dropped off as bright young people went into nerosciences, cognitive psychology, philosophy and computer science, leaving the once-young radicals without a mission. As many of the young radicals were also fond of the far left (see the "Fetschrift for James McCawley on the occasion of his thirty-first or thirty-second birthday" for some hilarious examples) they gravitated naturally to political and social theory. Problem was they attempted to carry with them the same methodology they used in linguistics. Forget the old stuff, they cried; we're got a new, better theory! New insights, new truths, all better than before. As you might expect, what they produced instead was, on the whole, historically ignorant and theoretically shallow. Lakoff published parts of what became this book around ten years ago as essays passed around UUNet, and it appears he heasn't done much reading since. He's apparantly completely unaware of the explosion in the fields of political philosophy, choice theory and cognitive sciences of the past two decades. In the end, Lakoff's analysis is shallow, ahistorical and generally unconvincing.
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