Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet [Taschenbuch]

„Arpa Kadabra" ist die deutsche Übersetzung des amerikanischen Bestsellers „Where Wizards Stay Up Late" (1996), dessen Autoren Katie Hafner und Matthew Lyon ansonsten für das Szenemagazin Wired oder für Newsweek schreiben. Sie konzentrieren sich bei ihrer Darstellung vor allem auf die Arbeiten einer Gruppe von Ingenieuren, die als Mitarbeiter der Bostoner Firma Bolt, Beranek & Newman die Grundlage für das ARPANET legten, jener Keimzelle, aus der Jahre später das Internet hervorging. Welches Ziel sie mit einer solchen Art von Geschichtsschreibung verfolgen, wird spätestens am Ende des Buchs klar, wo sie programmatisch schreiben, dass ARPANET sei das Produkt einer kleinen „Gruppe versierter Techniker und Ingenieure, die den Versuch unternahmen, ein Problem zu lösen, aber, ohne sich dessen bewußt zu sein, eine der größten technischen Revolutionen dieses Jahrhunderts auf den Weg brachten" (S. 316). Eine dermaßen personifizierte Geschichtsschreibung, die zudem auf Interviews mit den Porträtierten basiert, ist nicht unproblematisch: Gerade der Aufbau des ARPANET und des Internet waren nicht das Werk einiger weniger Genies, sondern das gemeinsame Werk einer Vielzahl von ganz gewöhnlichen Ingenieuren. Durch diese enge Perspektive wird auch der wichtige Beitrag anderer an der Entwicklung beteiligter Gruppen nicht in gebührendem Masse gewürdigt, dies betrifft insbesondere den nicht zu unterschätzenden Einfluss europäischer Forscher.
Aber vielleicht ist solche Kritik völlig verfehlt, denn „Arpa Kadabra" ist ein solide recherchiertes Buch, das im besten journalistischen Stil den Versuch unternimmt, einem breiten Publikum die Historizität technischer Entwicklungen klarzumachen. Dabei gelingt es den Autoren, lebendige Bilder vom Arbeitsalltag von Computeringenieuren zu entwerfen, die deutlich machen, dass in „revolutionären" technischen Entwicklungen neben aller Genialität auch sehr viel Geduld und Mühe steckt. Schon aus diesem Grunde ist dem Buch von Hafner und Lyon sein Platz neben anderen Sachbuchklassikern wie Tracy Kidders „The Soul of a New Machine" bereits sicher.

Well, _Wizards_ does a great job with its subject matter. Pioneering names like Frank Heart, Vint Cerf, and J. C. R. Licklider all come to life. The book does cover some technical ground, but all on a very palatable level. Two things made the book so enjoyable: first, the authors do a good job of describing the brilliance of the Internet's creators. I was amazed that the basic concepts of networking were developed in a day and age when it took entire rooms to house the computing power of today's calculators. Second, the book does a good job not getting bogged down in the details. Instead, Hafner and Lyon concentrate on the people behind the ARPANET's creation, their quirks, collaborations and occasional conflicts; there's a lot of humour captured along the way. This wouldn't be the sole book I'd recommend as a purely technical history of the Internet; however, as a history of the underlying forces that brought the Net into being, such as BBN, the Dept. of Defense, and so many universities, I can't think of another book that's anywhere near as descriptive. Or interesting.

This book could have easily been titled "Graduate students created the Internet" or "The Military-Industrial Complex pays off".

As a computer person who started in the last days of keypunch cards and experienced the joys of TSO first hand, I found it extremely interesting to read about the things that even I took for granted in those long ago days (only 2 decades ago). I had never really thought about the fact that things like FTP, TSO, SMTP, TCP and IP all had to be thought up and coded by someone! I worked on a DEC PDP-11 - but never really gave any thought to the evolution that transpired between number 1 and10. This book tells it all, in sometimes excruciating detail. It follows every lowly graduate student step by step to the brilliant, but not inevitable, solutions to all of the basic data transmission puzzles. It describes clearly and for the most part entertainingly the development of the technologies that underpin everything I (and I would suspect most people) now take for granted when we "surf the web". While I sometimes found it difficult to keep track of which geek was doing what in which computer center on what federally funded project - the book does an excellent job of documenting the origins of the internet, just as the title promises. My only quibble is the authors say they will debunk the idea that the Internet was invented to route around communication outages resulting from nuclear war - but by the end of the book I personally was convinced that this was indeed one of the principals guiding many of the programmers and network designers. As I read of the early pentagon projects that were the primordial soup from which the Internet evolved one thought kept occurring -- the serendipitous coming together of technically brilliant men (and they almost all were) with piles of relatively unrestricted funds that could be used in amazingly non-bureaucratic pursuits -- was a set of circumstances as unlikely to ever occur as the first signs of carbon-based life were. During the late 50's to late 60's the right combination of people, brain power, enthusiasm, energy and money all converged - and could have just as easily never happened. The world today might be an incredibly different place if just a few elements had varied. I am glad this book has been written to document what took place while most of the participants could still provide primary source material.

Another book that should be read as a companion piece to this one - is _Extra Life: coming of age in cyberspace_ by David S. Bennahum. His book documents a similar brief flowering of anarchic creative computer exploration - in what he calls the "Atari generation". The same intense involvement and brilliant technical thinking described in _Wizards_ is also central to the story told in _Extra Life_. Whether graduate students, or high school geeks - a very similar culture and orientation is recounted. It is one that values brilliant thinking (a good hack) and adheres to the commandments Bennahum enumerates: computers will make the world better, programmers have a duty to share information, programs should be improved by everyone, exploration is good, computer knowledge not looks or origin make you important. When discussing the "commandments" Bennahum draws an explicit connection between the times described in _Wizards_: "Few of us knew where they came from or that we'd hijacked an attitude from hackers, hobbyists, and hippies who discovered computers in the late 60's and early 70's, and that in turn these computers had been created by iconoclastic, freakish engineers and grad students before them. [...]Those who met these older masters would discover something more about computers, something deeper, rooted in decades of endeavor [...] an understanding of how these machines were passed from one generation to the next until, having mutated along the way through luck and coincidence, the computer flowered and matured ..." (pp.77-78)

_Where Wizards Stay Up Late_ is a fine and thorough history of those "freakish engineers" and _Extra Life_ is a very entertaining tale of the world that those early computer and network inventions delivered to the (still mostly male!) geeks of the Atari generation. Bennahum concludes with a statement that could just as easily be applied to the era documented by Hafner and Lyon: "To know the machine as we did, so intimately, is to forever change the way we experience our machine mediated world." These books that document how we have come to live in that world are interesting in and of themselves now, and will perhaps some day be looked upon as seminal historical documentation from a time of transition to a technological future we cannot even imagine.