In this 1977 book, Robert Fishman (historian of suburbia; see his other book, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise And Fall Of Suburbia) has ably summarized the work of three pioneering modern urban planners: Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928; see his Garden Cities of To-morrow); Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959; see his books such as Frank Lloyd Wright and the Living City), and Le Corbusier (1887-1965; see his The City of To-morrow and Its Planning).
Fishman begins by noting that "The utopian socialists were largely forgotten by the time Howard, Wright, and Le Corbusier began their own work, so there was little direct influence from them." Nevertheless, Fishman suggests that Howard may have been influenced by the work of Russian anarchist writer Peter Kropotkin, so that "he came to realize that the great city could never become the home of the cooperative civilization he was seeking. He was now ready to formulate the fundamental principle of the Garden City: Radical hopes for a cooperative civilization would be fulfilled only in small communities embedded in a decentralized society."
About the aftermath of Howard's movement, Fishman says, "The Garden City movement, therefore, gradually lost its commitment to social change and became a city planning movement in the narrow sense. The sponsors of Welwyn Garden City no longer claimed to be initiating a revolutionary transformation in English society."
Concerning Wright, Fishman states, "His fundamental tenet was that there must be no more distinction between urban and rural life-styles. Therefore, there must no longer be a physical separation between urban and rural areas."
He says "Le Corbusier thus embraced and idealized precisely what most repelled Howard and Wright in the modern city: its contribution to the centralization of society."
While reading the books of these three men themselves is still most helpful, Fishman's detailed summary of them is very useful, and this book is of considerable interest to those concerned with modern urban planning, Garden Cities, New Towns, etc.
