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The Match King: Ivan Kreuger and the Financial Scandal of the Century
 
 

The Match King: Ivan Kreuger and the Financial Scandal of the Century [Kindle Edition]

Frank Partnoy
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Produktbeschreibungen

Pressestimmen

George A. Needham, Founder and Chairman of Needham & Company
"The tale of Ivar Krueger, vividly brought to life by Frank Partnoy, is a reminder that Wall Street has not changed much since the late 1920's. The players change, but the animal spirits remain the same. Anyone interested in today's financial crisis will be captivated by this story."


"Time," January 13, 2009
"Frank Partnoy has an exceptionally well-timed book on Ivar Kreuger coming out."


Robert A. G. Monks, author of "Corpocracy" and "The New Global Investors"
""The Match King" is a skillfully told tale of the romance and the corruption involved in attempting to be on top of the world. How did Krueger enlisted the loyalty of the people essential to him? Yes, some he bought, but most -- he beguiled."

Kurzbeschreibung

The story opens with the purchase of a 9mm Browning at a small Paris gun shop by a man named Ivar Kreuger. The next morning, the world's leading bankers nervously waited to ask Ivar about some forged Italian bonds. Hours later, his dead body was discovered and the largest financial empire of the era collapsed.This book traces Ivar's meteoric rise from the obscurity of provincial Sweden, to become a construction mogul and then a global business oligarch. Ivar acquired match monopolies throughout the world and usurped J. P. Morgan to become the leading lender to foreign governments. His financial innovations resonate today. A self made media figure, he discovered and promoted Greta Garbo but also advised politicians, including President Hoover. Was he a financial genius or merely a schemer? Did he really stage his own suicide? This book brings back to life one of the greatest swindlers of all times.

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Frank Partnoy, der Autor früher veröffentlichter Bücher wie "F.I.A.S.C.O." und "Infectious Greed", hat sechs Jahre voller Fleißarbeit damit verbracht, Dokumente über Ivar Kreuger's Zündholz-Firmenimperium zu sichten und aus seinen Erkenntnissen dieses packende Buch zu schreiben. Nachdem ich einmal mit dem Lesen angefangen hatte, konnte ich das Buch ein ganzes Wochenende lang nicht mehr aus der Hand legen.

Ivar Kreuger war ein schwedischer Ingenieur, der aus einer Familie stammte, der eine Zündholzfirma gehörte. Kreuger war in seinen früheren 20-iger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts sehr erfolgreich und baute mit Krediten einer schwedischen Bank eine florierende Baufirma ("Kreuger & Toll") auf, die Renommiergroßprojekte durchzog. Später begann er damit, schwedische Zündholz-Firmen zusammenzukaufen und zu einem Monopol-Unternehmen zusammenzuschmieden. Kreuger betrieb vertikale Integration, indem er auch Zulieferer wie Chemikalienbetriebe und Holzlieferanten aufkaufte und in seine Firmenstruktur integrierte. Als die schwedischen Banken seine zur Firmenübernahme notwendige Kreditlinie nicht mehr ausweiten wollten, ging Kreuger nach Amerika und konnte am dortigen Markt Anleihen platzieren, die reißenden Absatz fanden. Er hatte nämlich den Plan, europäischen Regierungen, die im Nachkriegseuropa große Probleme hatten, zu relativ niedrigen Zinssätzen Geld aufzutreiben, günstige Kredite einzuräumen und das Geld für diese Kredite bei amerikanischen Investoren durch Platzierung von Anleihen einzusammeln. Im Gegenzug sollte Kreuger von den Regierungen Monopole auf seine Zündhölzer erhalten. Nach den Bonds ging Kreuger mit den Aktien seiner schwedischen Firmen an die amerikanische Börse (an die Curb - einer Art "Over the Counter"-Börse) und konnte sie nach einigen Jahren auch an der NYSE listen lassen. Partnoy's Buch zeigt aber deutlich, dass Kreuger bei seinen Finanzierungen einerseits auf immer neue Finanzprodukte, z.B. Convertible Bonds oder Vorzugsaktien ohne Stimmrecht angewiesen war, die er entwickelte, und andererseits auf immer neue Deals mit Regierungen, die ihm nicht immer wohl gesonnen waren. In zahlreichen Ländern gab es Anti-Monopolgesetze. Außerdem schaffte Kreuger von Anfang an Millionenbeträge über Umwege nach Lichtenstein, wo er eine Art Briefkastenfirma unterhielt. Diese Ausplünderung seiner Holding-Gesellschaft ging so lange gut wie Kreuger durch mehrere Kapitalerhöhungen immer neue Vorzugsaktien am Markt platzieren konnte. Mit dem Crash des Jahres 1929 endete diese Möglichkeit und Kreuger begann damit, angebliche Regierungsverträge durch Fälschungen zu belegen und sogar Schatzbriefe der italienischen Regierung zu fälschen, die bilanzielle Defizite seiner Holding-Firma verdecken sollten. Er schob Vermögensposten von einer seiner Firma zur nächsten, um die Bilanzen zu frisieren. Partnoy beschreibt auch, wie Kreuger Angestellte seiner eigenen Firma sowie von Banken und Wirtschaftprüfungsfirmen belogen und für seine Zwecke gefügig gemacht hatte. Er benutzte außerdem Strohmänner, die er teilweise aus dem kriminellen Milieu rekrutierte, als Geschäftsführer für seine über 200 Subunternehmen, die er jedoch alle selbst kontrollierte. Das Buch zeigt sehr deutlich, dass Ivar Kreuger zwar anscheinend zu Beginn seiner Laufbahn ein noch einigermaßen seriöser Geschäftsmann gewesen sein könnte, aber später nur noch durch ein Art Ponzi-Schema sein Firmen-Konglomerat vom Zusammenbruch abhalten konnte. Die Firmenstruktur war so verzweigt, dass außer Ivar Kreuger selbst niemand durchblickte oder gar in der Lage gewesen wäre, eine konsolidierte Unternehmensbilanz zu erstellen (wenn wir z.B. heute "GE" oder andere Holdinggesellschaften ansehen, ist dies doch auch nicht anders). Obwohl es Finanziers gab, die ihm misstrauten, genoss er jahrelang ein sehr hohes Ansehen, galt zeitweise als der drittreichste Mann der Welt und war ein Medien-Star sowie in den höchsten Kreisen gern gesehener Gast. Kreuger, ein Liebhaber sehr junger Frauen, war auch der Initiator von Greta Gustafsons Karriere - später nannte sie sich Greta Garbo.

Ich bin der Ansicht, dass das Buch ein sehr brauchbarer Lesestoff für jene Menschen sein könnte, die sich gerne als "Investoren" sehen möchten. Hier wird am Beispiel der Geschichte eindeutig gezeigt, dass man weder hoch angesehenen Unternehmern noch Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaften oder gar Aktiengesellschaften selbst ganz vertrauen kann und darf. Der ganze Börsen-Zirkus ist zumindest teilweise ein legalisiertes Ponzi-Schema. Legalisiert, weil der Staat - genau wie bei Tabak und Alkohol - auch hieran fantastisch mitverdient und aus Inkompetenz oder Überforderung der Börsenaufsicht oft wegsieht, zu spät einschreitet und wenig erreicht, wenn Anleger betrogen werden. Ich will nicht behaupten, dass jede Firma mit so zwielichtigen Methoden ihre Bilanzen frisiert wie Ivar Kreuger es anscheinend getan hat, aber ich denke, dass dreiste und schwerwiegende Bilanzkosmetik bei der Mehrheit aller Aktiengesellschaften heute genauso an der Tagesordnung ist wie vor achtzig Jahren. Kreuger hatte nur das Pech, dass sein Schema durch den Crash des Jahres 1929 nicht mehr lange fortgesetzt werden konnte und letztendlich aufflog. Hätte Kreuger nicht zu richtig kriminellen Methoden wie Urkunden-Fälschung gegriffen, sondern einfach die Insolvenz der Holdinggesellschaft gewählt, wäre alles legal und quasi "ehrlich" abgelaufen und er hätte eine Chance gehabt, seinem patetischen Selbstmord zu entgehen. Meiner Meinung nach ein sehr empfehlenswertes und noch dazu preiswertes Buch von Frank Partnoy.
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Von Donald Mitchell TOP 500 REZENSENT
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
"Indeed, the light of the wicked goes out,
And the flame of his fire gives no light."
-- Job 18:5

Ivar Kreuger and his enterprises are often mentioned in passing by books and articles about the Great Depression, securities, regulation, and fraudulent leadership. Each such reference seemingly assumes that the reader knows all about the subject. Well, I didn't and I suspect you don't either.

Before the mortgage-backed securities meltdown, manipulations of the junk bond market occurred, American Express didn't have any oil in its tanks, and bad accounting made residential real estate developers look profitable when they were on the edge of bankruptcy, Ivar Kreuger used financial innovation after financial innovation to build a huge enterprise and become one of the leading lenders in the world to nations. In this book, you'll read about how those innovations began and how they ended up for the investors.

For much of his career, Mr. Kreuger kept people from realizing that his persona was a carefully calculated and staged one. No one seemed to care as long as it appeared that he was making people rich.

But his inability to understand what he could afford to pay for money caused him to overpay. Eventually, his house of matchsticks collapsed amid the market meltdown during the first few years of the Great Depression.

As an investor, it would be profitable to read this story. It will make you more skeptical of those who pay a lot for their capital. That would be a good lesson to learn.

As someone who wants to understand the financial innovations, I fear that the writing won't get the points across unless you are already pretty financially sophisticated. The book would have benefited from some detailed examples developed in tables within the text.

If you want to understand the lessons for corporate leadership, the book is also on the frail side beyond suggesting that it's a good idea to fully and accurately disclose your situation on a timely basis. At bottom, Mr. Krueger had some very interesting ideas about new business models, a point that isn't fully developed in the book.

If you want to resolve all the mysteries about his death, the book will flesh out some different theories . . . but probably won't leave you satisfied that you know the answer.

On the regulatory front, the book doesn't provide enough perspective on what current practices are to indicate the full extent that the 1920s and early 1930s practices were different. In a number of cases, I'm not sure that current due diligence is necessary much better.

As a story teller, Mr. Partnoy seems compelled to provide as much detail as possible where it's available from first-person accounts and correspondence . . . but not to fill in from other sources and perspectives. As a result, this book gives you more than even a CPA would want to know about his interactions with his accountants and auditors.

Fortunately, it's a pretty short book and Ivar Kreuger is pretty interesting. That combination makes this book a convenient way to fill in the gaps in your knowledge about this "famous" financier.
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Ivar Kreuger Was a Crook, But He Created Value 30. April 2009
Von David Kinchen - Veröffentlicht auf Amazon.com
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
BOOK REVIEW: 'The Match King' Revives an Almost Forgotten Financial Figure Who Outdid Ponzi, Madoff, Stanford

By David M. Kinchen

Everything in life is founded on confidence -- Ivar Kreuger

History is merely a list of surprises. It can only prepare us to be surprised yet again. -- Kurt Vonnegut

History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -- Karl Marx

* * *

Charles Ponzi, Bernard Madoff, R. Allen Stanford, Ivar Kreuger.

Kreuger? Who's he?

Frank Partnoy tells us about the Swedish financier who outdid Ponzi, Madoff and the Texan Standford in an elegantly written biography "The Match King: Ivar Kreuger, The Financial Genius Behind a Century of Wall Street Scandals" (PublicAffairs, 304 pages, $26.95).

Ponzi's scheme was penny ante compared with Kreuger's machinations, which resulted in a grand illusion that lasted more than a decade and saw Kreuger lending money to European governments and creating financial instruments that are still in use today. The New York Times Co., for instance, uses "B" shares, which have only a fraction of the voting power of "A" shares. This concept was created by Kreuger, as were privately customized, over-the-counter derivatives, now a multi-trillion dollar market, Partnoy says.

Complex foreign exchange options were another Kreuger invention, now widely used today in transactions totaling trillions of dollars. Hybrid debentures? Kreuger invented these and they're widely used by many financial institutions and companies such as Avon.

Kreuger (1880-1932) was a civil engineer by training and a financier, entrepreneur and industrialist by instinct. In 1908 he co-founded a construction company called Kreuger & Toll. In a world where wooden safety matches were a basic necessity, he built a global empire based on his Swedish Match Company. He negotiated match monopolies with European, Central American and South American governments and used these monopolies as platforms for his financial empire.

Like Madoff, Ponzi and Standford, he promised and delivered -- for a relatively long time -- larger than usual dividends to his investors. Like the others, he appealed to the greed which seems to be embedded in the geneitic makeup of just about everybody.

Even the Great Depression didn't slow down Kreuger; from 1929 on until his suicide in Paris in 1932, he was a rare success story, or so it seemed, at a time when the financial world was disintegrating. He was a man of great personal charm, Partnoy says. He could charm the birds out of the trees -- and money out of the wallets of his investors.

Kreuger was a celebrity who dated his countrywoman Greta Garbo, built a magnificent mansion in Sweden, traveled first class on the best ocean liners and had apartments in New York and Paris. Newspapers and magazines vied for interviews and his success engendered jealousy among financial competitors, especially Jack Morgan of J.P. Morgan & Co.

Biographers are always intrigued with their subjects -- even falling falling in love with them -- and from my reading of "The Match King," I detect more than a little admiration for Kreuger from Partnoy, especially in his "Coda" at the end of the book.

The conventional wisdom was that Kreuger was a common crook, just like Ponzi. This explanation, Partnoy says, is "too simple. It ignored the real wealth Ivar created throughout his career, and the real businesses he established, not only in matches, but in telecommunications, mining, commodities, and film. It ignored Ivar's financial innovations, and the crucial fact that his companies paid double-digit dividends for more than two decades before they collapsed. In contrast, Charles Ponzi's scheme lasted just a few months."

The key to Kreuger's success in U.S. financial markets was establishing a relationship with a prominent investment bank and Ivar charmed his way to the top, gaining the confidence of Donald Durant, a partner of Lee Higginson & Co. in New York. In the early 1920s, Lee Higginson was one of the most prestigious banks in the world, just behind J.P. Morgan and ahead of Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, Partnoy writes.

"Lee Higg," as it was called, had its roots in Boston and was widely respected. Once he established himself with the firm, Kreuger set out to find himself a compliant accountant. His search ended when he befriended A.D. Berning, a C.P.A. and junior functionary at Ernst & Ernst and had them do the books in the U.S. for his International Match Co. Ivar paid for European trips for Berning and his wife, further cementing the relationship.

Since many of Kreuger's financial entities were registered as off-shore subsidiaries in the tax havens of the time -- another one of the Swede's innovations -- the work Berning performed was little more than signing off on his financial statement, prepared by an equally accommodating Swedish accounting firm.

Bernie Madoff must have studied Kreuger's life thoroughly, since he used an obscure and accommodating accounting firm in New York City.

Partnoy's biography is worth reading if only because much of what he describes, including the collapse of Lee Higginson and the creation of the Securities Exchange Commission a few years after Ivar's suicide are cautionary tales for today. Of course, as Vonnegut so aptly phrased it, we'll probably be surprised again by yet another incarnation of the original Ivar Kreuger.
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The book is a masterpiece... 15. April 2009
Von Robert A. G. Monks - Veröffentlicht auf Amazon.com
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
Rare it is that a thousand page book is beguilingly compressed into a quarter of that length when the common practice is just the reverse. The book is a delight - from encountering a thirteen year old Greta Garbo; through the marvelously depicted co-optation of an independent accountant (through his wife); the seduction of the ambitious young man who wants to be partners with the grandees of Wall Street; the description of beautiful living and working spaces; the realities of finance and personality in inter war Europe; and - above all else - the absolute insistence of the buying public to be allowed to participate in getting rich. Whether it is the slot machines or Bernie Madoff's guaranteed 8%, the packaging of oversees properties or the perfection of the tulip bulb, the dot com bubble or the limitless rise in residential real estate values, the ages have probably never produced as coherent, well organized and effective a promoter as Frank Partnoy's Ivar Krueger.

The book is a masterpiece. When you read, you will marvel at the persistence and ingenuity of the research that lies behind the words. Possibly, the finest single thread is description of the way in which Krueger enlisted the loyalty of people essential to him. Yes, some he bought, but most - he beguiled. He gave people a sense of participating in something that gave them an excuse to have an expanded view of themselves. This is not a costless process and Krueger spent much solitary, and - one suspects - depressed time, time re energizing this capacity to give others a sense of being greater than they otherwise might have been. This is a story of great coherence, of childhood friends embarking together into the great world, of young professionals becoming industry models, of businesses growing and conglomerations being assembled [ Certainly, I would have liked at least another 100 pages about this!}, of finance ministers and prime ministers trying to finance public obligations.

In brief, it is a great story - in light of its tragic conclusion, we need ask ourselves who is the hero and who is the thief. Partnoy recites step by step how Ivar Krueger went to a printer in Stockholm and had Italian Debt Instruments printed which he proceeded rather carelessly to sign. So. There is no suspense. And yet, there is so much else, there were real companies, real values. People lost more money in uncontroversial holdings. During the last ten years in America, we have witnessed the great industrial conglomerates being assembled - the assembler was adjudged a criminal and is in jail; we have witnessed the great financial conglomerates being assembled - the assembler is perhaps less of a hero than he once was, but the public is coughing up tens of billions of dollars to staunch the pollution; we have daily smiling reminders of the purposeful defrauding of thousands of individuals at a cost of $50 billion. Surely, we - citizens and customers - should have learned something. Partnoy's tale is perhaps the most skilful tale of the romance and the corruption of an able energy in attempting to be on top of the world.
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Extremely interesting book but with limited scope 13. Mai 2009
Von david brown - Veröffentlicht auf Amazon.com
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
Early in this book there is a breathtaking paragraph. It is not breathtaking due to wording or emotion. Rather it is breathtaking because it starts with Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) in high school and ends with him twenty five years later owning worldwide match, construction and film empires. All in one paragraph.

Clearly this book is not a biography in any sense of the word but is properly classified as a business history. The author, Frank Partnoy, is focused on the last decade of Krueger's life when Kreuger was striking deals to lend money to governments in return for monopolies in producing and selling matches. This strategy put him in conflict with traditional bankers, such as the J.P. Morgan company, and required Kreuger to raise huge amounts of money in Wall Street.

The vast bulk of the book is concerned with these transactions and how Kreuger achieved them. Unfortunately there was a large element of fraud associated with the transactions. Kreuger's financial statements were manipulated to show profits and assets which weren't there. However the main interest in the book is how Kreuger also manipulated the auditors, investment bankers, commercial bankers and directors to facilitate his frauds. Kreuger used his intelligence, charm and networking to cater to their greed, ego and ignorance.

The author tries to position Kreuger as the pioneer in Wall Street fraud and attempts to show that his "innovations" come down to the current day. Having read to book I would say that case was "not proven". Financial fraud has existed for eternity and without a sweeping review of its history, which this book is not, it is impossible to say who was first in any innovations. The fact that the author references Bernie Madoff or uses trendy terms (i.e. "derivatives" instead of the centuries old "puts", "special purpose" companies instead of the centuries old "non-consolidated" subsidiaries) may prove recurring patterns of fraud but not that Kreuger invented them. Clearly the co-opting of those "independent" professionls responsible for monitoring or controlling companies is a recurring theme of many frauds. So is Kreuger's ultimate downfall and suicide as a faltering economy lays bare his need for cash despite the reported profits.

The book is well written and organized. The author clearly benefits from the extensive documentation arising from the major investigations which followed Kreuger's failure. However, to reiterate, this all relates to the last decade of Kreuger's business life. Images of the man himself are fairly clear in the book but how he got that way is largely a mystery since the book doesn't address whole decades of his early business life. Some commentators have highlighted incidents, such as his involvement in Greta Garbo's early film career, but frankly those are just minor asides and anyone buying the book on that basis are likely to be disappointed.
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