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A myth-shattering view of the medieval Islamic world's myriad scientific innovations, which preceded-and enabled-the European Renaissance.
The Arabic legacy of science and philosophy has long been hidden from the West. British-Iraqi physicist Jim Al-Khalili unveils that legacy to fascinating effect by returning to its roots in the hubs of Arab innovation that would advance science and jump-start the European Renaissance. Inspired by the Koranic injunction to study closely all of God's works, rulers throughout the Islamic world funded armies of scholars who gathered and translated Persian, Sanskrit, and Greek texts. From the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, these scholars built upon those foundations a scientific revolution that bridged the one-thousand-year gap between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance.
Many of the innovations that we think of as hallmarks of Western science were actually the result of Arab ingenuity: Astronomers laid the foundations for the heliocentric model of the solar system long before Copernicus; physicians accurately described blood circulation and the inner workings of the eye ages before Europeans solved those mysteries; physicists made discoveries that laid the foundation for Newton's theories of optics. But the most significant legacy of Middle Eastern science was its evidence-based approach-the lack of which kept Europeans in the dark throughout the Dark Ages. The father of this experimental approach to science-what we call the scientific method-was an Iraqi physicist who applied it centuries before Europeans first dabbled in it. Al-Khalili details not only how discoveries like these were made, but also how they changed European minds and how they were ultimately obscured by later Western versions of the same principles.
With transporting detail, Al-Khalili places the reader in the intellectual and cultural hothouses of the Arab Enlightenment: the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, one of the world's greatest academies, the holy city of Isfahan, the melting pots of Damascus and Cairo, and the embattled Islamic outposts of Spain.
Al-Khalili tackles two tantalizing questions: Why did the Arab world enter its own Dark Age after such a dazzling enlightenment? And how much did Arabic learning contribute to making the Western world as we know it? Given his singular combination of expertise in both the Western and Middle Eastern scientific traditions, Al-Khalili is uniquely qualified to solve those riddles.
The Arabic legacy of science and philosophy has long been hidden from the West. British-Iraqi physicist Jim Al-Khalili unveils that legacy to fascinating effect by returning to its roots in the hubs of Arab innovation that would advance science and jump-start the European Renaissance. Inspired by the Koranic injunction to study closely all of God's works, rulers throughout the Islamic world funded armies of scholars who gathered and translated Persian, Sanskrit, and Greek texts. From the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, these scholars built upon those foundations a scientific revolution that bridged the one-thousand-year gap between the ancient Greeks and the European Renaissance.
Many of the innovations that we think of as hallmarks of Western science were actually the result of Arab ingenuity: Astronomers laid the foundations for the heliocentric model of the solar system long before Copernicus; physicians accurately described blood circulation and the inner workings of the eye ages before Europeans solved those mysteries; physicists made discoveries that laid the foundation for Newton's theories of optics. But the most significant legacy of Middle Eastern science was its evidence-based approach-the lack of which kept Europeans in the dark throughout the Dark Ages. The father of this experimental approach to science-what we call the scientific method-was an Iraqi physicist who applied it centuries before Europeans first dabbled in it. Al-Khalili details not only how discoveries like these were made, but also how they changed European minds and how they were ultimately obscured by later Western versions of the same principles.
With transporting detail, Al-Khalili places the reader in the intellectual and cultural hothouses of the Arab Enlightenment: the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, one of the world's greatest academies, the holy city of Isfahan, the melting pots of Damascus and Cairo, and the embattled Islamic outposts of Spain.
Al-Khalili tackles two tantalizing questions: Why did the Arab world enter its own Dark Age after such a dazzling enlightenment? And how much did Arabic learning contribute to making the Western world as we know it? Given his singular combination of expertise in both the Western and Middle Eastern scientific traditions, Al-Khalili is uniquely qualified to solve those riddles.
Über den Autor
Jim Al-Khalili earned his Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics from the University of Surrey. He has been a SERC Postdoctoral Fellow at University College, London, an EPSRC Advanced Research Fellow, and Fellow of the Institute of Physics. In 2003, he was elected to the Council of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He is now the chair of the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Surrey. In 2007, he was awarded the Royal Society Michael Faraday Prize for Science Communication of the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Surrey. In 2007, he was awarded the Royal Society Michael Faraday Prize for Science Communication.
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Read with Caution
14. Juli 2011
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
This book has many merits: it is written in a breezy, accessible style and contains interesting material, recounting a story that is too little known in the West. He brings out the magnificent achievements of scholars and scientists who flourished in the Islamic world during the European Middle Ages and shows how their work layed much of the groundwork for later scientific progress in Europe.
But this work also has some serious flaws. One is that, instead of letting the achievements of Arabic science speak for themselves, he engages in unnecessary hyperbole. In fact, his presentation of major scientific figures all follow the same pattern: Muslim scientist "x" was the "first to discover" some theorem or scientific fact well before European scientist "y" only to learn a few paragraphs later that, well, he was not "really" the "first," but he layed the groundwork for the later discovery. This may well be true and, indeed, significant. But why the deceptive hyperbole?
Second, Al-Khalili recycles the worn-out "Enlightenment" cliche of Europe being in the dreaded "Dark Ages" during this period only to be "wakened out of ignorance" by the fabled Renaissance - a view now no longer accepted by any serious historian of science (or any historian of the Middle Ages or Renaissance either). I nearly laughed aloud when I read how Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham were "lonely lights shining in the darkness"! He also recycles all sorts of myths and half-truths about the "barbaric" Europeans, none of which has any evidence or citation. In fact, if you check his references, he makes heavy use of histories of science written well over seventy years ago, making his historical "research" astonishingly out-of-date.
Ironically, in order to dispell one myth - that Arabic thinkers contributed nothing original to science - he perpetuates another myth -that nothing worth mentioning went on in European universities during the Middle Ages. I stongly suggest you read in tandem with this book James Hannam's "The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution" for a more balanced treatment.
The achievements and inherent importance of Arabic science in the Middle Ages deserve a much better and more nuanced treatment than this book offers.
But this work also has some serious flaws. One is that, instead of letting the achievements of Arabic science speak for themselves, he engages in unnecessary hyperbole. In fact, his presentation of major scientific figures all follow the same pattern: Muslim scientist "x" was the "first to discover" some theorem or scientific fact well before European scientist "y" only to learn a few paragraphs later that, well, he was not "really" the "first," but he layed the groundwork for the later discovery. This may well be true and, indeed, significant. But why the deceptive hyperbole?
Second, Al-Khalili recycles the worn-out "Enlightenment" cliche of Europe being in the dreaded "Dark Ages" during this period only to be "wakened out of ignorance" by the fabled Renaissance - a view now no longer accepted by any serious historian of science (or any historian of the Middle Ages or Renaissance either). I nearly laughed aloud when I read how Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham were "lonely lights shining in the darkness"! He also recycles all sorts of myths and half-truths about the "barbaric" Europeans, none of which has any evidence or citation. In fact, if you check his references, he makes heavy use of histories of science written well over seventy years ago, making his historical "research" astonishingly out-of-date.
Ironically, in order to dispell one myth - that Arabic thinkers contributed nothing original to science - he perpetuates another myth -that nothing worth mentioning went on in European universities during the Middle Ages. I stongly suggest you read in tandem with this book James Hannam's "The Genesis of Science: How the Christian Middle Ages Launched the Scientific Revolution" for a more balanced treatment.
The achievements and inherent importance of Arabic science in the Middle Ages deserve a much better and more nuanced treatment than this book offers.
9 von 9 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich
I Learned So Much
13. Juli 2011
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe|Von Amazon bestätigter Kauf
After reading James Hannam's new book on the rise of science in Europe during the Middle Ages, The Genesis of Science, I could hardly resist reading Jim al-Khalili's book on Arabic science during the same period, The House of Wisdom. In it, he makes the case that various scholars under Islamic rule did more than just preserve the wisdom of the ancients, but advanced it to the point that when Western Europe recovered this knowledge, it sparked the Renaissance. Much like Hannam, al-Khalili is partially successful.
In many ways, al-Khalili had a better opportunity to impress me, as I have much less knowledge about Islamic science than I do about the history of Western science. And there is much here to impress. Al-Khalili clearly has an extensive knowledge of his subject and does a fairly good job getting it all out, considering how difficult it was for me to follow the barrage of unfamiliar names. Most interesting is his discussion of various discoveries like al-Khwarizmi's development of algebra, Ibn Sahl's discover of "Snell's" law of refraction, or al-Razi's work in medicine, to name but a very few.
The problem is that al-Khalili tends to overstate his case and make illogical comparisons. He has a tendency to compare the work of Islamic scholars to more modern scientists (particularly Newton), and claim that their work is easily as original and important. I would rather drawn this type of conclusion myself based on what I learn of the actual work done and, frankly, I don't think the comparisons usually stand up.
He also uses personal anecdotes throughout the text, particularly from his youth in Iraq that I felt took away from what he was trying to accomplish. Granted, he's trying to write for an audience that is less familiar with his culture as well as speak to the Muslim world to encourage a return to scientific achievement, but these digressions are distractions from the strength of his book--the history.
Still, I'm very glad I read this book. I learned a tremendous amount and I gained a lot of respect for what Islamic scholars achieved during the Dark Ages of Western Europe. I'm even more glad I read this in conjunction with Hannam's book. Covering the same time period and quite often the same people, they gave completely different perspectives on what lead to the scientific revolution. It is fascinating stuff.
In many ways, al-Khalili had a better opportunity to impress me, as I have much less knowledge about Islamic science than I do about the history of Western science. And there is much here to impress. Al-Khalili clearly has an extensive knowledge of his subject and does a fairly good job getting it all out, considering how difficult it was for me to follow the barrage of unfamiliar names. Most interesting is his discussion of various discoveries like al-Khwarizmi's development of algebra, Ibn Sahl's discover of "Snell's" law of refraction, or al-Razi's work in medicine, to name but a very few.
The problem is that al-Khalili tends to overstate his case and make illogical comparisons. He has a tendency to compare the work of Islamic scholars to more modern scientists (particularly Newton), and claim that their work is easily as original and important. I would rather drawn this type of conclusion myself based on what I learn of the actual work done and, frankly, I don't think the comparisons usually stand up.
He also uses personal anecdotes throughout the text, particularly from his youth in Iraq that I felt took away from what he was trying to accomplish. Granted, he's trying to write for an audience that is less familiar with his culture as well as speak to the Muslim world to encourage a return to scientific achievement, but these digressions are distractions from the strength of his book--the history.
Still, I'm very glad I read this book. I learned a tremendous amount and I gained a lot of respect for what Islamic scholars achieved during the Dark Ages of Western Europe. I'm even more glad I read this in conjunction with Hannam's book. Covering the same time period and quite often the same people, they gave completely different perspectives on what lead to the scientific revolution. It is fascinating stuff.
1 von 1 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich
Makes a strong impression, informally
17. Dezember 2011
Format:Gebundene Ausgabe
Jim Al-Khalili gives an overview of a lot of the history of Arab science in a casually written book. While The House of Wisdom is neither great prose nor a deeply scholarly publication, the story introduces us to many of the men who inspired Europeans to adopt the word 'genius' from Arabic. The legion of Arabic names makes the book seem a little awkward, because they follow the pattern in which John Smithson's father would be Smith Leeson, rather than another Smithson. Digesting this on every page made me grateful for Jim Al-Khalili's sometimes too informal style in the prose.
Al-Khalili organizes and clarifies a huge array of scientific accomplishments that have long been taken for granted. The House of Wisdom cleanly accomplishes its goal of showing how much of Renaissance wisdom is due to the reexamination of the ancient Greek and Indian masters by the Muslims. What started as the process of making Arabic a written language became a movement to translate the Great Books. Sectarian challenges to the idea of wisdom from pagans led the Arabs to the scientific method, in which all theories had to be tested against observations of reality. From there, some moved on to advance the frontier of knowledge. Al-Khalili doesn't mention this, but it means the Europeans got some value from the destruction of the European libraries in the Jihad, followed by translating those same books back with a skeptical eye.
A deeper philosophical question grabs our attention as the book comes to a close. How does an Age of Enlightenment come about, and why does it end? What made Arab science so good, and why didn't that success continue? What does that mean about other societies in today's world?
Al-Khalili organizes and clarifies a huge array of scientific accomplishments that have long been taken for granted. The House of Wisdom cleanly accomplishes its goal of showing how much of Renaissance wisdom is due to the reexamination of the ancient Greek and Indian masters by the Muslims. What started as the process of making Arabic a written language became a movement to translate the Great Books. Sectarian challenges to the idea of wisdom from pagans led the Arabs to the scientific method, in which all theories had to be tested against observations of reality. From there, some moved on to advance the frontier of knowledge. Al-Khalili doesn't mention this, but it means the Europeans got some value from the destruction of the European libraries in the Jihad, followed by translating those same books back with a skeptical eye.
A deeper philosophical question grabs our attention as the book comes to a close. How does an Age of Enlightenment come about, and why does it end? What made Arab science so good, and why didn't that success continue? What does that mean about other societies in today's world?
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