The message for all of mankind out of the Holocaust visited upon European Jews, gypsies and other assorted "undesirables" has to be: Never Again. Primo Levi did an immeasurable service to western civilization in documenting so eloquently and powerfully his reflections on the greatest crime in human history. A survivor of Auschwitz by a combination of luck and skill (documented with rare clarity and mundane, brutal honesty in Survival at Auschwitz and The Reawakening) Levi returned to his native Italy and his work as a chemist - but he could never forget the horror visited upon himself and millions of others in similar situations. We are fortunate that an intelligent, humanistic mind survived long enough to give us this reminder - Never Again. Sadly, as Levi recognized, even a lesson of this magnitude cannot be wholly learned when good people are willing to stand by and let evil be done. Pol Pot's excesses in Cambodia before Levi's death, the Serbians in ! the former Yugoslovia since Levi's death, are two more examples. In my mind, Levi's body of literature is the defining memorial to the Holocaust, with a greater effect than, for example, the Holocaust Memorial in Washington D.C. (which is actually not a memorial but a timed entry exhibition) or Spielberg's Schindler's List. The moral question - how could any society be responsible for such an unspeakable atrocity against God and their own humanity? - must be addressed with unflinching honesty and clarity. Levi asks that question from a rare vantage point. Sadly, all too few take the time to listen to the answer.