In 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for passing information about the atomic bomb to the Russians. They remain the only Americans to get the death penalty for spying in peacetime, which indicates the extraordinary nature of their case. Current spies might expect prison at worst, and possibly a country club prison at that. The Cold War is over, and we have new fears, but an examination of the fifty-year-old case is welcome. _The Brother: The Untold Story of Atomic Spy David Greenglass and How He Sent His Sister, Ethel Rosenberg, to the Electric Chair_ (Random House) by Sam Roberts gives a surprising, fresh view of the case. Roberts can rightly claim that this is an "untold story" because after years of persistence, he was able to find Greenglass, living under a different identity, and conduct interviews. True to the nature of a disreputable stoolpigeon, Greenglass started singing for a fee.
Greenglass, a member of the Communist Party, somehow got assigned to work on the Manhattan Project after being drafted in 1943. His brother-in-law Julius Rosenberg persuaded Greenglass's wife Ruth to talk to him about supplying atomic secrets, and David agreed. He got paid for the information. When the FBI nailed him, he was ready to implicate Julius. When Ruth implicated Ethel, days before the trial, David changed his testimony to corroborate his wife's, always cooperating in order to keep Ruth from getting charged. Playing the wife card again, the feds attempted to get information on Julius's contacts by charging Ethel and then holding the death penalty over her. The idea was that Julius would sing in order to keep Ethel alive for their two young sons. This seems immoral today, and indeed, it is now illegal to use the death penalty as coercion towards cooperation. The eagerness that the feds had to execute the Rosenbergs proved to be a gigantic misjudgment. Communist sympathizers the world over took advantage of the Rosenbergs' plight, especially of the electrocution looming over Ethel. The Rosenbergs were more valuable as martyrs than any information about bombs which Greenglass had stolen.
It is certainly controversial that Greenglass is getting paid for his participation in interviews, but the new information seems worth it. Greenglass had no say in what was going to be written in the book, and could not tell what was to be in it until it was printed; the picture Roberts paints is far from flattering. Remarkably, his wife did not know of his participation in the interviews before the book was published. Roberts has gone to other previously unavailable sources as well, and the story is fascinating. There were serious mistakes made in the trial, well detailed here, and as a result the controversy about the outcome will never be settled. Roberts often gives details that aptly summarize the era; for instance, an FBI account of Ethel's arrest says that she "made a typical Communist remonstrance, demanding a warrant and the right to call an attorney." There are other candidates for the nomination of "Trial of the Century," but it is hard to top this one. If it does not measure up to a laudable presentation of gathering of evidence, prosecution, and execution, and was eventually more comfort to our enemies than to ourselves, we might, living under the threat of terrorist attacks fifty years later, learn useful lessons here about excessive government zeal.