Acknowledgments ix Preface vii Introduction 1 Part 1 Genesis 3 O Prelude to Space 5 1 Summer 1969-Fall 1970 7 2 Calculating and Computing 12 3 Operating Systems 22 4 Project MAC: CTSS and Multics 25 Part 2 Birth of a System 31 5 The PDP-11 33 6 First Edition, 1971 38 7 C and Pipes: 1971-1973 44 8 The First Paper-1973 54 9 The Law-Part I 56 Status 1974 60 Part 3 What makes UNIX Unix? 63 10 The Users 65 11 Why Unix? 73 12 Style and Tools 78 13 PWB and MERT 92 14 Utilities 95 Part 4 Unix Spreads and Blossoms 117 15 The Users-Part II 119 16 Berkeley Unix: Part I 137 17 Version 7 146 18 Berkeley Unix: Part II 153 19 Commercial Unix 173 20 DEC 181 21 The Law-Part II 189 Part 5 The Unix Industry 191 22 /usr/group 193 23 Sun and JAWS 198 24 Standards 202 Part 6 The Currents of Change 207 25 Duelling Unixes 209 26 Offspring Systems 213 27 OSF and UI 216 28 Berkeley Unix: After the VAX 219 29 The Law-Part III 222 Finale 227 Finale: What Made It Work? 229 Further Reading 235 Who's Who and What's What 239 Index 249