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Pragmatism
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Kurzbeschreibung
This book contains some popular lectures on philosophy in which Mr. James has sought to unify the picture as it presents itself to his eyes, dealing in broad strokes and avoiding minute controversy. Contents: present dilemma in philosophy; what pragmatism means; some metaphysical problems pragmatically considered; the one and the many; pragmatism and common sense; pragmatism's conception of truth; pragmatism and humanism; pragmatism and religion.
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Über den Autor
Der amerikanische Psychologe und Philosoph William James (1842-1910) gründete das erste psychologische Universitätsinstitut in den USA. Mit den Theorien, die er in seinem Werk The Principles of Psychology formuliert hat, nahm er Grundideen der Gestaltpsychologie und des Behaviorismus vorweg. James ist außerdem einer der Väter des philosophischen Pragmatismus, den er zu einer weltweiten geistigen Bewegung machte. In den Jahren 1867/68 lebte er in Dresden und Berlin, um vor allem bei Hermann von Helmholtz zu studieren. Von 1872 bis 1876 war James Professor für Physiologie und vergleichende Anatomie in Harvard. In den folgenden Jahren hielt er Vorlesungen an der Universität von Kalifornien, an der Stanford Universität und in Boston. Von 1894 bis 1895 war James Präsident der Society for Psychical Research.
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Format:Taschenbuch
One is surprised to read in the first two reviews that James's pragmatism is a justification for relativism, nihilism, and even despotic tyranny. This evaluation comes from interpreting James in terms of utilitarianism, rather than understanding what he means by practical consequences. One will hear James claim in _Pragmatism_ that, "I am accustomed to put questions to my classes in this way: In what respects would the world be different if this alternative or that were true? If I can find nothing that would become different, then the alternative has no sense." The pragmatic maxim does not invite us to accept the most expedient point of view for the purpose of utility, but instead invites us to return to the world and experience in evaluating the nature of concepts. Thus, to adopt an example from Peirce, an application of the pragmatic maxim to a concept such as "salt" would lead us to look at the practical consequences of this concept for real world experience such as its hardness, seasoning capabilities, chemical nature, ability to combine with other elements, etc.. In other words, pragmatism, as James agrees, is also an empiricism. Given this, an application of the pragmatic maxim to the political concepts of democracy and fascism would indeed lead us to discern vast differences between the two doctrines and to ultimately reject the former by virtue of its practical consequences. In final analysis, _Pragmatism_ is a curative of philosophical abstractions which would ask us to turn away from empty first principles to see what difference those principles actually make in our actions and lives. Such an approach to philosophy would surely have the effect of clearing away much useless debate and of broadening our appreciation of difference and inquiry. As James says later in the book, "There can be no difference anywhere that doesn't make a difference elsewhere-- no difference in abstract truth that doesn't express itself in a difference in concrete fact and conduct consequent upon that fact, imposed on somebody, somehow, somewhere and somewhen. The whole function of philosophy ought to be to find out what definite difference it will make to you and me, at definite instants of our life, if this world-formula or that world-formula be the true one." Such a philosophy is truly timely in our increasingly multicultural age. The operative principle of pragmatism is not utilitarianism which can often be cold, cruel and heartless, but rather verification that demands of us that we return to experience to determine the difference that a conceptual difference makes. This book is an absolute must read for anyone interested in overcoming the abstractness of empty transcendental philosophies and who wish to see philosophy in its throbbing relavance for the life of action, ethics, and politics. In this respect, James stands shoulder to shoulder with the uncompromising and liberating philosophies of figures like Spinoza, Nietzsche, Bergson, Dewey, and Peirce.
Format:Taschenbuch
What follows is an example of the greatness of this book:
From Introduction by Bruce Kuklick to William James' Pragmatism.
James went on to apply the pragmatic method to the epistemological problem of truth. He would seek the meaning of 'true' by examining how the idea functioned in our lives. A belief was true, he said, if in the long run it worked for all of us, and guided us expeditiously through our semihospitable world. James was anxious to uncover what true beliefs amounted to in human life, what their "Cash Value" was, what consequences they led to. A belief was not a mental entity which somehow mysteriously corresponded to an external reality if the belief were true. Beliefs were ways of acting with reference to a precarious environment, and to say they were true was to say they guided us satisfactorily in this environment. In this sense the pragmatic theory of truth applied Darwinian ideas in philosophy; it made survival the test of intellectual as well as biological fitness. If what was true was what worked, then scientific truths were just those beliefs found to be workable. And we could investigate religion's claim to truth in the same manner. The enduring quality of religious beliefs throughout recorded history and in all cultures gave indirect support for the view that such beliefs worked. James also argued directly that such beliefs were satisfying; they enabled us to lead fuller, richer lives and were more viable than their alternatives. Religious beliefs were expedient in human existence, just as scientific beliefs were.
Format:Taschenbuch
A must for the modern philosopher by one of the most influential thinkers of our time.
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a brilliant tool for analysis: NOT a "guide for living"
In the book Pragmatism William James offers one of his finest works; articulate, clear and funny. (See for example his analysis of monism and pluralism). Lesen Sie weiter...
Veröffentlicht am 9. Mai 2000 von D. Ansoff
A naive apology for scoundrels
This kind of silly philosophy plays right into the hands of dictators. Both Stalin and Hitler were convinced that what they were doing worked. Lesen Sie weiter...
Veröffentlicht am 14. Oktober 1999 von Timothy Fonseca
A disasterous turn for American Thought
The notion that the truth of an idea is contingent upon it's "cash value" has been one of the more ridiculous turns in the history of thought (thus, by James' own... Lesen Sie weiter...
Am 5. April 1999 veröffentlicht
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