A parent's anguish in watching one's child suffer with OCD is on-going, tempered by glimmers of hope and a steadfast belief that, some day and some how, the disorder will be conquered. As a parent, that anguish is underscored with self doubt, guilt and the ever nagging questions about what one did, or didn't do, that might have caused the OCD to develop. We know now that OCD is a complex condition involving brain chemistry, heredity, exposure to streptococus bacteria and other factors. But, in this book, Levenkron claims OCD is caused by what he calls "underparenting". At the beginning of Chapter Two, Levenkron says: "A decrease in obsessive-compulsive disorders depends upon an increase in proper parental nurturing. Such a decrease requires men and women, who are ready for long-term commitment as parents, putting the good of their children first ..." As a parent who HAS nurtured and loved her child, who HAS made personal choices to put her child first, only to see him develop OCD, I felt Levenkron's comment was like a knife through the heart. Every therapist I've talked to has assured me there was nothing I did, or didn't do, to cause my son's OCD. I threw Levenkron's outdated and misleading book in the recycling bin where it, hopefully, will go on to a new and more productive life as a paper towel.