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Washington first gained recognition as a 21-year-old emissary for the governor of Virginia, braving savage conditions to confront encroaching French forces. As the de facto leader of the American Revolution, he not only won the country's independence, but helped shape its political personality and "topple the monarchical and aristocratic dynasties of the Old World." When the Congress unanimously elected him president, Washington accepted reluctantly, driven by his belief that the union's very viability depended on a powerful central government. In fact, keeping the country together in the face of regional allegiances and the rise of political parties may be his greatest presidential achievement.
Based on Washington's personal letters and papers, His Excellency is smart and accessible--not to mention relatively brief, in comparison to other encyclopedic presidential tomes. Ellis's short, succinct sentences speak volumes, allowing readers to glimpse the man behind the myth. --Andy Boynton
Amazon.com Exclusive Content
Curious about George?
Amazon.com reveals a few facts about the legendary first president of the United States.
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| Washington bust by Jean Antoine Houdon. Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies' Assoc. |
1. The famous tale about Washington chopping down the cherry tree ("Father, I cannot tell a lie") is a complete fabrication.
2. George Washington never threw a silver dollar across the Potomac River--in fact, to do so from the shore of his Mount Vernon home would have been physically impossible.
3. George Washington did not wear wooden teeth. His poorly fitting false teeth were in fact made of cow's teeth, human teeth, and elephant ivory set in a lead base.
4. Early in his life, Washington was himself a slave owner. His opinions changed after he commanded a multiracial army in the Revolutionary War. He eventually came to recognize slavery as "a massive American anomaly."
5. In 1759, having resigned as Virginia's military commander to become a planter, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis. Washington’s marriage to the colony's wealthiest widow dramatically changed his life, catapulting him into Virginia aristocracy.
6. Scholars have discredited suggestions that Washington's marriage to Martha lacked passion, as well as the provocative implications of the well-worn phrase "George Washington slept here."
7. Washington held his first public office when he was 17 years old, as surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia.
8. At age 20, despite no prior military experience, Washington was appointed an adjutant in the Virginia militia, in which he oversaw several militia companies, and was assigned the rank of major.
9. As a Virginia aristocrat, Washington ordered all his coats, shirts, pants, and shoes from London. However, most likely due to the misleading instructions he gave his tailor, the suits almost never fit. Perhaps this is why he appears in an old military uniform in his 1772 portrait.
10. In 1751, during a trip to Barbados with his half-brother Lawrence, Washington was stricken with smallpox and permanently scarred. Fortunately, this early exposure made him immune to the disease that would wipe out colonial troops during the Revolutionary War.
Timeline
Important dates in George Washington's life.
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| Engraving of Mount Vernon, 1804. Courtesy of the Mt. Vernon Ladies' Assoc. |
1732: George Washington is born at his father's estate in Westmoreland County, Virginia.
1743: George’s father, Augustine Washington, dies.
1752: At age 20, despite the fact that he has never served in the military, Washington is appointed adjutant in the Virginia militia, with the rank of major.
1753: As an emissary to Virginia Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie, he travels to the Ohio River Valley to confront French forces--the first of a series of encounters that would lead to the French and Indian War.
1755: Washington is appointed commander-in-chief of Virginia's militia.
1759: He marries wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis.
1774: Washington is elected to the First Continental Congress.
1775: He is unanimously elected by the Continental Congress as its army's commander-in-chief. Start of the American Revolution.
1776: On Christmas Day, Washington leads his army across the Delaware River and launches a successful attack against Hessian troops in Trenton, New Jersey.
1781: With the French, he defeats British troops in Yorktown, Virginia, precipitating the end of the war.
1783: The Revolutionary War officially ends.
1788: The Constitution is ratified.
1789: Washington is elected president.
1797: He fulfills his last term as president.
1799: Washington dies on December 14, sparking a period of national mourning.
-- Dieser Text bezieht sich auf eine andere Ausgabe: Gebundene Ausgabe .From Booklist
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved -- Dieser Text bezieht sich auf eine andere Ausgabe: Gebundene Ausgabe .
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Ein "Monument" wird lebendig und menschlich, ohne dabei vom Sockel gestoßen zu werden.
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On that note, Ellis documents Washington's early Virginia life, his lack of a formal education and his dangerous military service on the Indian frontier. He also carefully explains how General Washington lost more battles than he won but intelligently realized that the two growing institutions of the emerging nation; the Continental Congress and the Continental Army...that the former be subordinate to the latter. Moreover, Ellis details that at the ideological level, Washington instinctively understood the core principle of Republicanism...that all legitimate power derived from the consent of the public.
The author goes to great lengths to explain Washington's natural integrity, "the exceptional character of George Washington...for refusing to regard himself as the indispensible steward of the American Revolution." According to Ellis, "No one entered the office of the President with more personal prestige than Washington, and only two...Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt...faced comparable crises." However, Ellis points out that Washington failed an important test by holding people in slavery in Mount Vernon.
Still and all, "no one else in the founding generation could match Washington's revolutionary credentials and no one else could plausibly challenge his place atop the American version of Mount Olympus," according to Ellis. Overall I was particularly impressed with the research that documented Thomas Jefferson's character assasination and political betrayal of Washington and how Alexander Hamilton attempted to use Washington for his own political gain in the last years of his life. Ultimately, this text will show how Washington was first in war...first in peace...and first in the hearts of his countrymen. Highly recommended.
Bert Ruiz
The central thesis of this work is that Washington's amazing career was driven by an enlightened self-interest, tempered by a hard-earned practical wisdom. Always sticking closely to the available evidence, Ellis shows us a young Washington full of unbounded ambition for wealth and social status that he learned to control and temper, but never eliminate. Ellis writes that, "ambition this gargantuan were only glorious if harnessed to a cause larger than oneself, which they most assuredly were after 1775." He shows us Washington as a self-educated man, not from books like his illustrious contemporary Ben Franklin, but from practical, visceral experiences of his youth fighting the French and Indians in the backcountry of Pennsylvania. He views Washington's inglorious defeat at the Great Meadows and his miraculous survival of the carnage of Braddock's massacre as critical events that freed him of illusions, and left him a man who viewed the world through practical realities rather than shimmering ideals. This practical education, working on his natural ambition, created the control mechanisms that allowed Washington to serve his nation so long and so well.
Ellis writes mainly of the public Washington. He begins the book not with Washington's birth, but at the point in his youth when he first appeared on the world stage. While the short length of the book limits the depth of its inquiry, it does manage to touch on most every important aspect of Washington's public life, including his positions on dealings with the American Indians, and his evolving ideas about the injustice of slavery. There are many other books that can provide more in depth and comprehensive accounts of Washington. This book serves as an outstanding, balanced introduction to the man we call the father of our country, and is an excellent place to begin.
Theo Logos
This is not an in-depth day-by-day account of Washington's life. For that pleasure, I refer the reader to the definitive four volume set (and 1,800+ pages) published over 30 years ago by James Thomas Flexner. Even Mr. Flexner's one volume abridgement is more detailed (at 400 + pages) than Mr. Ellis' new biography (only 275 pages of narrative).
The difference lies in Mr. Ellis' big picture approach and his interpretation of key events during Washington's lifetime. So Washington's love of Sally Fairfax is restricted to a mere two pages and his estate at Mount Vernon gathers more ink than his tranquil marriage to Martha. Instead "His Excellency" focuses upon the impact that Washington's decisions had upon the course of American history. Overall this is a well-written and thoughtful introduction to the life of George Washington.
That puts the biographer's problem nicely. Washington is so universally revered as well as so distant from us in time that he is more marble than human flesh. The biographer's task is to somehow breathe life back into a monument. Ellis has a good track record at this sort of thing. Most recently he did the trick with Thomas Jefferson in AMERICAN SPHINX. His work on Washington is in somewhat the same vein, and is equally accomplished.
Ellis's approach sails close to the dangerous shoals of psycho-biography but never quite runs aground on them. In trying to fathom Washington's true character and motives, he sticks fairly close to the written record without presuming to peer inside his subject's head.
His conclusions are not always those that today's schoolchildren find in their history texts. In the narrow tactical sense, for instance, Ellis judges Washington no great military genius. He points out that Washington lost more battles than he won, he was a control freak and a man very conscious of his place in history. Despite this "posing for posterity," however, Ellis is favorably inclined toward his subject because he had a career "devoted to getting the big things right."
That career, of course, had two separate parts: military commander and --- after four years in retirement --- our first President. Ellis links the two by stressing something not much emphasized by other historians: The job of establishing the new nation was made infinitely more complicated by the memory of British colonial rule, which had bred a general suspicion of any strong central authority. Washington knew that without a strong central government the new nation would probably fail, but he had somehow overcome the popular hatred of governmental "tyranny" and even the dread specter of "monarchy." He was able to accomplish this balancing act mainly through the sheer veneration in which he was held by the vast majority of people. In Ellis's apt phrase, Washington was able to "levitate" above the partisan battles of his time.
Ellis finds Washington's military experience on what was then America's western frontier (western Pennsylvania and the nearby "Ohio Country") during the French and Indian War a crucial experience in forming his world-view. It gave him a grand vision of an American western-oriented destiny that stayed with him into his Presidency. He even thought erroneously that the Potomac River, which flowed placidly past his estate at Mount Vernon, might be the water gateway to the riches of the American interior.
Another issue that Ellis illuminates is that of Washington's attitude toward slavery. His letters show that he was in favor of eventual emancipation by slow and easy stages --- but also that he needed slaves to keep Mount Vernon from sliding into bankruptcy and ruin. There was an uneasy balance of morality and economics in his thinking.
Ellis is also interesting --- if obviously partisan --- in assessing the infighting among Washington, John Adams, Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton during his presidency. Jefferson in particular comes off badly here.
One minor cavil: Ellis is so concerned with Washington's public career that he largely slights his private life. Martha Washington, for instance, is merely an offstage shadow in this book. Ellis is, however, a vivid and engaging writer. The Washington he recreates seems almost like a normal human being in many respects. That is about all we can ask for at this distance in time.
--- Reviewed by Robert Finn (Robertfinn@aol.com)
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