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Dominant Logic of Multinational Corporations., 26. Oktober 2005
"The purpose of this book is to change that familiar image on TV. It is to illustrate that the typical pictures of poverty mask the fact that the very poor represent resilient entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers (p.3)" C.K. Prahalad argues that "what is needed is a better approach to help the poor, an approach that involves partnering with them to innovate and achieve sustainable win-win scenarios where the poor are actively engaged and, at the same time, the companies providing products and services to them are profitable. This collaboration between the poor, civil society organizations, governments, and large firms can create the largest and fastest growing markets in the world. Large-scale and wide-spread entrepreneurship is at the heart of the solution to poverty. Such an approach exists and has, in several instances, gone well past the idea stage as private enterprises, both large and small, have begun to successfully build markets at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) as a way of eradicating poverty (pp.3-4)." In this context, C.K. Prahalad outlines the dominant logic of multinational corporations (MNCs) as it relates to BOP: Assumption 1- The poor are not our target customers; they cannot afford our products or services. Implication 1- Our cost structure is a given; with our cost structure, we cannot serve the BOP market. Assumption 2- The poor do not have use for products sold in developed countries. Implication 2- We are committed to a form over functionality. The poor might need sanitation, but can't afford detergents in formats we offer. Therefore, there is no market in the BOP. Assumption 3- Only developed countries appreciate and pay for technological innovations. Implication 3- The BOP does not need advanced technology solutions; they will not pay for them. Therefore, the BOP cannot be a source of innovations. Assumption 4- The BOP market is not critical for long-term growth and vitality of MNCs. Implication 4- BOP markets are the best an attractive distraction. Assumption 5- Intellectual excitement is in developed markets; it is very hard to recruit managers for BOP markets. Implication 5- We cannot assign our best people to work on market development in BOP markets. C.K. Prahalad says that "although the dominant logic and its implications are clear, it is our goal in this book to challenge and provide counterpoints (p.8)", and therefore, he identifies twelve principles of innovation of BOP markets: 1. Focus on price performance of products and services. Serving BOP markets is not just about lower prices. It is about creating a new price-performance envelope. Quantum jumps in price performance are required to cater to BOP markets. 2. Innovation requires hybrid solutions. BOP consumer problems cannot be solved with old technologies. Most scalable, price-performance-enhancing solutions need advanced and emerging technologies that are creatively blended with the existing and rapidly evolving infrastructures. 3. As BOP markets are large, solutions that are developed must be scalable and transportable across countries, cultures, and languages...Solutions must be designed for ease of adaptation in similar BOP markets. This is a key consideration for gaining scale. 4. The developed markets are accustomed to resource wastage...All innovations must focus on conserving resources: eliminate, reduce, and recycle. Reducing resource intensity must be a critical principle in product development, be it for detergents or ice cream. 5. Product development must start from a deep understanding of functionality, not just form. Marginal changes to products developed for rich customers in the United States, Europe, or Japan will not do... 6. Process innovations are just as critical in BOP markets as product innovations... 7. Deskilling work is critical... 8. Education of customers on product usage is key. Innovations in educating a semiliterate group on the use of new products can pose interesting challenges... 9. Products must work in hostile environments. It is not just noise, dust, unsanitary conditions, and abuse that products must endure... 10. Research on interfaces is critical given the nature of the consumer population... 11. Innovations must reach the consumer... 12. Paradoxically, the feature and function evolution in BOP markets can be very rapid. Product developers must focus on the broad architecture of the system-the platform-so that new features can be easily incorporated... Strongly recommended.
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