This book constitutes the "Acta" of an international colloquium held in Heidelberg in 2006, on the context of the Székely/Szelklers amongst the different peoples and cultures of the Transylvanian society. The different "Nations" (as they were called at that period of time) have given a lot of archaeological artifacts from the Middle Ages, but that of the Saxon nation are more investigated and have led to more re-interpretations up to now. So, it is with great interest that this publication focuses on the new discoveries and analysis in relation with the Székely/Szekler "nation". Fourteen scientifics have put together their knowledge about the historical past of that people and their ethnographic and anthropologic characteristics. This cultural relality in the centre of the present-day Romania is of great interest, since it has always had - from the very beginning - a peculiar significance that separated the Székely/Szeklers from the rest of the Hungarian population of the former empire.